The Personal Responsibility and Work Reconciliation Act Research Paper

The Personal Responsibility and Work Reconciliation Act - Research Paper Example This exposition examines that the present sexual orientation hole isn't on the grounds that ladies are less talented than men but since now ladies exhibit a higher inclination to go to school than men. Imbalance in pay is because of the high degree of women’s isolation in light of the idea of occupations. Thus, it very well may be said that ladies are currently progressively engaged with rivaling men in the activity showcase. It is currently required to wipe out the sexual orientation pay uniqueness in such a case that solitary working moms begin gaining as much as men there will be an expansion of around 18 percent in the family pay and the destitution will be decreased extensively. Significant changes comparative with PRWORA have been in government assistance fields, for example, lodging, medicinal services, youngster care and food. The government has dispensed bigger financial plans for kid care programs, which is obvious from the way that bureaucratic subsidizing for young ster care has expanded by just about 100 percent since the PRWORA was executed. However, a few issues stay, for example, just around 12 percent of qualified family units get money related assistance under arrangements of the Child Care and Development Fund. All families can't get advantages of state and government plans comparative with youngster care, while charge exceptions keep on being pitiful in helping families to enough meet childcare costs. Also, the nature of youngster care is as yet poor since kid care laborers keep on being saved money. Despite the fact that there has been improved financing by the government with respect to kid care, the compensation of childcare laborers has been stagnating.... Subsequently, the results of the PRWORA have been questioned and political campaigners have guaranteed either all out progress or disappointment relying on their affiliations. Simultaneously, a few realities can't be denied, for example, the drop in volumes by around 50% in government assistance comparative with AFDC and TANF despite the few arrangements that all-inclusive advantages outside to the given standards. As indicated by Boushey (2011), it is currently obvious that the vast majority of the previous government assistance beneficiaries don't have work and those that are working acquire somewhere in the range of $6 and $8 every hour, which is too small to even consider sustaining a family. The degree of destitution has expanded among working families in spite of the decrease in over all neediness rates. Families headed by single working moms are the most noticeably terrible affected in such manner. In addition, neediness has gotten increasingly serious during the last numerous years for families that were at that point in profound destitution. Numerous families that were accepting government assistance before the usage of PRWORA are probably going to encounter more noteworthy hardships after they leave government assistance. More than 33 percent of families getting government assistance experienced circumstances when they couldn't get sufficient food and the necessary clinical consideration when contrasted with the situation preceding the presentation of PRWORA. Families having one all day laborer stood only somewhat less chance of encountering at least one of such troubles in examination with the current government assistance families. Just about 25 percent of families that got ineligible for government assistance and had a solitary acquiring part abandoned sufficient food, lodging and the basic clinical offices. The majority of the targets of PRWORA related to tending to the high pace of single parenthood among poor family units. It

Duality in Waiting For Godot

Duality in Waiting For Godot Beckett is known to have remarked, I had little ability for joy.- This sentence in itself is ridiculous, similar to the most celebrated dramatization of Beckett: Waiting for Godot. Yet, what precisely ludicrousness implies? The first or word reference significance of ludicrous is Out of amicability. absolutely or clearly silly, counter-intuitive, or false; in spite of all explanation or presence of mind; ridiculously silly or false.But the word has an alternate importance when it is utilized int he theater of the preposterous. Denoting the contrast between a decent play and a ludicrous play, Martin Esslin opines: In the event that a decent play must have a keenly developed story, these have no story or plot to talk about : if a decent play is decided by nuance of portrayal and inspiration, these are frequently without conspicuous characters and present the crowd with practically mechanical manikins; if a decent play must have a completely clarified subject, which is conveniently uncovered lastly understood, these regularly have neither a start nor an end; if a decent play is to hold the mirror upto nature and depict the habits and characteristics of the age in finely watched draws, these appear to be frequently to be impressions of dreams and bad dreams if a decent play depends on clever repartee and pointed exchanges, these frequently comprise of mixed up babblings. Sitting tight for Godot is crammed with sets. Theres Vladimir and Estragon, the two hoodlums, the Boy and his sibling, Pozzo and Lucky, Cain and Abel, and obviously the two demonstrations of the play itself. With these sets comes the rehashed idea of discretionary, 50/50 possibilities. One criminal is spared and other accursed, however for no unmistakable explanation. On the off chance that Vladimir and Estragon attempt to hang themselves, the limb could conceivably break. One man may bite the dust, one man may live. Godot might possibly come to spare them. In the Bible, Cains penance was dismissed and Abels acknowledged for no noticeable explanation. Its minor, yet Estragons line in Act I: My left lung is feeble [㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦]. Be that as it may, my correct lung is sound as a ringer! More combines, increasingly discretionary perdition. Indeed, even the tone of Waiting for Godot is loaded up with duality: two man contentions, to and fro questions, contradiction understanding, ques tions and (regularly lacking) answers. The tree is the main particular bit of the setting, so were almost certain it is important. Directly off the bat youve got the scriptural stuff; Jesus was executed on a cross, however that cross is in some cases alluded to as a tree, as in, Jesus was nailed to the tree. That Vladimir and Estragon mull over balancing themselves from the tree is likely a reference to the torturous killing, however it additionally spoofs the strict hugeness. In the event that Jesus kicked the bucket for the transgressions of others, Vladimir and Estragon are passing on in vain. Be that as it may, we can likewise think about the two men not as Jesus, but instead as the two criminals killed alongside Jesus. This fits pleasantly with accounts story as Vladimir tells it; one criminal is spared and the other condemned, so Didi and Gogo are taking a gander at a fifty-fifty possibility. The vulnerability that originates from irregularity between the four accounts is fitting, as well, since Vladimir cannot be sure if Godot is coming to spare both of them. Moreover, Vladimir reports that he was advised to hang tight for Godot by the tree. This ought to be consoling it implies the men are in the ideal spot. As Estragon brings up, theyre not certain if this is the correct tree. What's more, on second thought, they cannot be certain if this is a tree or not. It sort of resembles a bush. The tree could be the tree of life. So the trees irregular blossoming would propose that it is something of a tree of life. Also, as indicated by the saying, that implies a craving has been satisfied. Besides the trees growing leaves could be an unexpected image calling attention to that, a long way from satisfied wants, trusts have been conceded one more day much like Vladimirs amusing case in Act II that things have changed here since yesterday when, plainly, nothing at all has.. While Vladimir and Estragon sit tight for Godot, they additionally sit tight for sunset. For reasons unknown (once more, discretionary and dubious), they dont need to hang tight for him once the night has fallen. The great understanding is that night = dim = passing. The falling of night is as much a respite from every day experiencing as death is an incredible enduring. Theres likewise the issue of the moon, as its appearance in the sky is the genuine sign that night has come and the men can quit sitting tight for Godot. Estragon, in one of his insidious savvy minutes, remarks the moon is pale for exhaustion [㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦] of climbing paradise and looking on any semblance of us. In spite of the fact that the man remembers nothing of yesterday, he does at this time appear to understand the interminable reiteration of his life. Furthermore, if the moon is exhausted just from viewing, envision what that says about the dilemma of the men themselves. Carrots and turnips are in one sense only a stifler reel for Vladimir and Estragons comic bits. In any case, I was keen on their contradiction over the vegetable: Funny, Estragon remarks as he chomps, the more you eat, the more regrettable it gets. Vladimir rapidly deviates, including that, for him, its the exact inverse. From one viewpoint, this could be a totally inane discussion the fact is just that Vladimir is in difference, playing at alternate extremes, adding to the quarreling duality among himself and Gogo. Then again, the carrot could be about the importance of life. It could be an indication with respect to the contrasts between the way Vladimir and Estragon live their lives. Vladimirs ensuing remark, an addendum to his carrot guarantee, is that he becomes acclimated to the sludge as [he goes] along. He surrenders to platitude. Estragon, then again, wearies over the long haul a lot of like the fatigued moon he sees in Act II. When Pozzo later dishes about smoking, he asserts that a subsequent funnel is never so sweet [as the first]. However, its sweet nevertheless. This is a third and particular response to the carrot question. At the point when Lucky is directed to move in Act I, Pozzo uncovers that he considers his move The Net, including, He thinks hes trapped in a net. You would think a person tied up on a rope would feel sufficiently restricted. Obviously, the picture of Lucky squirming in a nonexistent net is an enduring picture for the play all in all, and particularly for the predicament of Vladimir and Estragon, who, as weve said previously, are bound in a jail or maybe their very own net minds. There is by all accounts no deficiency of illogical props in Waiting for Godot, and these three make them thing in like manner: they are largely preposterous articles on which the men have created unreasonable conditions. Fortunate can't think without his bowler. Pozzo needs his vaporizer to talk. Estragon appears sentenced to perpetually take his boots on and off, as does Vladimir with his cap. This is another extraordinary blend of the grievous and the comic; the circumstance is entertaining for its preposterousness, yet horrid simultaneously. Estragon is more than once repulsed by smells in Waiting for Godot. Vladimir smells of garlic, Lucky scents like who recognizes what, and Pozzo stinks of a fart in Act II. It appears to be each time Estragon attempts to draw near to an individual, he is repulsed by their scent. It looks to us like scents speak to one of the hindrances to relational connections. Estragon isnt just repulsed by scents hes repulsed by the instinctive mankind of everyone around him. Theres something dirty and base about the scent of a human body, and for Estragon its a lot to deal with. There are a few translations of Waiting for Godot, the two most notable are the strict one and the political one. The strict translations set Vladimir and Estragon as humankind hanging tight for the subtle return of a hero. In the event that this is the essential thought, at that point this makes Pozzo into the Pope and Lucky into the unwavering. The dependable are then seen as a figure of God cut off by human narrow mindedness. The wound tree can on the other hand speak to either the tree of death, the tree of life, the tree of Judas or the tree of information. Political understandings additionally flourish. A few analysts hold that the connection among Pozzo and Lucky is that of an industrialist to his work. This Marxist translation is reasonable given that in the second demonstration Pozzo is ignorant concerning what's going on around him and Lucky is quiet to fight his treatment. The play has additionally been comprehended as a purposeful anecdote for Franco-German relations. A fascinating translation contends that Lucky gets his name since he is fortunate with regards to the play. Since the majority of the play is spent attempting to discover intentions for breathe easy, Lucky will be fortunate on the grounds that his activities are resolved completely by Pozzo. Pozzo then again is unfortunate since he needs to take a break as well as must discover things for Lucky to do.

The Most Important Part of Your Essay The Thesis Statement

The Most Important Part of Your Essay The Thesis Statement EP 43: The Most Important Part of Your Essay: The Thesis Statement EP 43: The Most Important Part of Your Essay: The Thesis Statement When a professor reads your essay, they will be able to tell almost immediately whether you have done a good job in framing your topic. How do they know this after just reading the first few lines of your work? They focus on the most important part of your essay â€" the thesis statement. But what is a thesis statement and how do you write a good one? Join Cath Anne on Episode 43 as she discusses the most important part of your essay. Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: [00:00:00] Hi guys and welcome back to our channel. My name is Cath Anne and this is Episode 43 of The Homework Help Show by Homework Help Global. Here on the show we provide you with valuable content before your academic and student life. Lets jump in. Cath Anne: [00:00:23] Essays are a necessary component of an undergraduate college or graduate degree. An essay is something that is written to inform people of something or to allow the professor to know that you are comprehending the information they provide to you in your coursework. Cath Anne: [00:00:40] When a professor reads your essay they will be able to tell almost immediately if you have done a good job in framing your topic. How do they know this? After just reading a few lines of your essay this is because they focus on the most important part of your essay. The thesis statement. But what is the thesis statement and how do you write a good one? Cath Anne: [00:01:03] Your thesis statement is like a road map for the reader, aka your professor. It tells the reader where your essay is about to go. It also helps to guide the ideas in the paper. The thesis statement is not only a topic it reflects an opinion or a judgment that the writer has made about a reading or a personal experience. The thesis statement is a sentence that states the main idea of a writing assignment. Whats more the thesis statement should intriguer reader keep them wanting to read more. It is also clear eloquent and fact based. Cath Anne: [00:01:42] Lets talk about an example. Humans are not genetically required to eat meat. So vegetarianism is the only moral choice to avoid the senseless killing of animals. This thesis statement provides a valid point, expresses a strong and debatable opinion and it can be supported by research. This does not necessarily mean that the statement is true, it only means that it can be debated. When you provide a strong thesis statement at the beginning of an essay, it tells the reader what the paper is going to be about right away. The reader will know what youre going to talk about and how you feel about the topic in question and this is a very important point. But how do you write a strong thesis statement? No Pressure it will help you figure it out. Cath Anne: [00:02:24] First you have to establish an issue or problem like humans impact on climate change, the factors that contribute to homelessness in Canada, or the slow death of the television industry. Try to come up with something topical and preferably something controversial. The thesis statement should not be something like cats are cute. First of all no one is going to debate you on that and youll want more than just cat fanatics being interested in reading your essay. Instead it should be something more interesting something your reader may not have thought about before. Cath Anne: [00:03:02] Play devils advocate with yourself and ask yourself whether this is something only you will find interesting. Like how much your cat loves to be cuddled when you come home from work. Or is it something that has more of a universal appeal like Donald Trumps potential connection to Russia? Is it something that can be argued and is based on fact like the rise and fall of the stock market? Or is pretty much going to be your opinion? Like cats are cuter than dogs. Cath Anne: [00:03:32] Youre not just explaining facts. Youre also going to want to provide your opinion. Take a strong position on the matter and debate it either argues strongly for or against a matter. Dont be wishy washy your reader will want to know how you feel about the topic and they will either be on board or not. Cath Anne: [00:03:54] Lets discuss some examples of good thesis statements and bad thesis statements. Good thesis statement: Traveling the world is an important element of any young persons well rounded education. Bad thesis: Europe is a great place for students to visit. Good thesis: more than anything else in our society, cell phones are responsible for loneliness in American society. Bad thesis: American people are lonely. Good thesis: When an elderly person is thinking about adopting a pet a cat is a more appropriate choice than a dog. Bad thesis: Cats are cuter than dogs. Get the point? Cath Anne: [00:04:34] Your thesis statement should be broad enough to appeal to a large audience but also specific enough so that you can narrow it down and focus on specific details within your argument. At the end of the day the thesis is definitely the most important part of your essay. However you cant just state your thesis statement and then walk away. You must back it up with research and evidence. Make sure to have at least three pieces of evidence that you can use to back up your thesis statement. You definitely want to make a point, you want it to be debatable and you want it to be fact based. Cath Anne: [00:05:11] Good luck writing your thesis statements and I hope you are excited for this semester. We will join you along the way. Cath Anne: [00:05:18] Okay thats it for me this week guys. I hope this video was of benefit and I cant wait to talk to you soon. As always if you have any questions leave them in the comments below. Make sure to give this video a like a thumbs up if youre looking to connect with us on social media. Please check out our links in the description below. Have a great week guys. Talk soon. Take care. The Most Important Part of Your Essay The Thesis Statement EP 43: The Most Important Part of Your Essay: The Thesis Statement EP 43: The Most Important Part of Your Essay: The Thesis Statement When a professor reads your essay, they will be able to tell almost immediately whether you have done a good job in framing your topic. How do they know this after just reading the first few lines of your work? They focus on the most important part of your essay â€" the thesis statement. But what is a thesis statement and how do you write a good one? Join Cath Anne on Episode 43 as she discusses the most important part of your essay. Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: [00:00:00] Hi guys and welcome back to our channel. My name is Cath Anne and this is Episode 43 of The Homework Help Show by Homework Help Global. Here on the show we provide you with valuable content before your academic and student life. Lets jump in. Cath Anne: [00:00:23] Essays are a necessary component of an undergraduate college or graduate degree. An essay is something that is written to inform people of something or to allow the professor to know that you are comprehending the information they provide to you in your coursework. Cath Anne: [00:00:40] When a professor reads your essay they will be able to tell almost immediately if you have done a good job in framing your topic. How do they know this? After just reading a few lines of your essay this is because they focus on the most important part of your essay. The thesis statement. But what is the thesis statement and how do you write a good one? Cath Anne: [00:01:03] Your thesis statement is like a road map for the reader, aka your professor. It tells the reader where your essay is about to go. It also helps to guide the ideas in the paper. The thesis statement is not only a topic it reflects an opinion or a judgment that the writer has made about a reading or a personal experience. The thesis statement is a sentence that states the main idea of a writing assignment. Whats more the thesis statement should intriguer reader keep them wanting to read more. It is also clear eloquent and fact based. Cath Anne: [00:01:42] Lets talk about an example. Humans are not genetically required to eat meat. So vegetarianism is the only moral choice to avoid the senseless killing of animals. This thesis statement provides a valid point, expresses a strong and debatable opinion and it can be supported by research. This does not necessarily mean that the statement is true, it only means that it can be debated. When you provide a strong thesis statement at the beginning of an essay, it tells the reader what the paper is going to be about right away. The reader will know what youre going to talk about and how you feel about the topic in question and this is a very important point. But how do you write a strong thesis statement? No Pressure it will help you figure it out. Cath Anne: [00:02:24] First you have to establish an issue or problem like humans impact on climate change, the factors that contribute to homelessness in Canada, or the slow death of the television industry. Try to come up with something topical and preferably something controversial. The thesis statement should not be something like cats are cute. First of all no one is going to debate you on that and youll want more than just cat fanatics being interested in reading your essay. Instead it should be something more interesting something your reader may not have thought about before. Cath Anne: [00:03:02] Play devils advocate with yourself and ask yourself whether this is something only you will find interesting. Like how much your cat loves to be cuddled when you come home from work. Or is it something that has more of a universal appeal like Donald Trumps potential connection to Russia? Is it something that can be argued and is based on fact like the rise and fall of the stock market? Or is pretty much going to be your opinion? Like cats are cuter than dogs. Cath Anne: [00:03:32] Youre not just explaining facts. Youre also going to want to provide your opinion. Take a strong position on the matter and debate it either argues strongly for or against a matter. Dont be wishy washy your reader will want to know how you feel about the topic and they will either be on board or not. Cath Anne: [00:03:54] Lets discuss some examples of good thesis statements and bad thesis statements. Good thesis statement: Traveling the world is an important element of any young persons well rounded education. Bad thesis: Europe is a great place for students to visit. Good thesis: more than anything else in our society, cell phones are responsible for loneliness in American society. Bad thesis: American people are lonely. Good thesis: When an elderly person is thinking about adopting a pet a cat is a more appropriate choice than a dog. Bad thesis: Cats are cuter than dogs. Get the point? Cath Anne: [00:04:34] Your thesis statement should be broad enough to appeal to a large audience but also specific enough so that you can narrow it down and focus on specific details within your argument. At the end of the day the thesis is definitely the most important part of your essay. However you cant just state your thesis statement and then walk away. You must back it up with research and evidence. Make sure to have at least three pieces of evidence that you can use to back up your thesis statement. You definitely want to make a point, you want it to be debatable and you want it to be fact based. Cath Anne: [00:05:11] Good luck writing your thesis statements and I hope you are excited for this semester. We will join you along the way. Cath Anne: [00:05:18] Okay thats it for me this week guys. I hope this video was of benefit and I cant wait to talk to you soon. As always if you have any questions leave them in the comments below. Make sure to give this video a like a thumbs up if youre looking to connect with us on social media. Please check out our links in the description below. Have a great week guys. Talk soon. Take care.

Society s Addiction On Social Media Buzz Essay - 1124 Words

Alana Clemente Caruso Writing 105 5 December 2016 M3 Final Society’s Addiction on Social Media Buzz Throughout the past few years, society has become more and more technologically advanced. Whether it be a cell phone, tablet, computer, television or any other device, most people have some sort of technology. With technology comes social media and social buzz. Everything people do, adult or teenager, can be linked with social connections. A simple tweet or Facebook status can be posted in a second. News can travel throughout the media instantly. Is all this technology and social connections a good idea? Social media has increasingly altered everyone’s true understanding of personal information. Electronic tools and social media buzz has hindered the general understanding of what our technology truly was made for. In today’s society, teenagers especially use social media and buzz for everything. Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, Myspace, Tumblr, Snapchat, Pinterest, and LinkedIn are just some of the million different types of social media used on a daily basis worldwide. Today, people can use social media to reconnect with an old friend, share photos and videos of their lives, find family members, publicize relationships, and so much more. Social media can be great in many aspects, however, one can become dangerously addicted to the social world. In the article Social Media Addiction, Joseph Viola explains the addiction teens have with social media. He states, â€Å"Facebook, forShow MoreRelatedThe Progression Of Social Media2013 Words   |  9 PagesThe Progression of Social Media in today’s society Aaliyah Griffin Spelman College Abstract This paper will include information about the role of social media and how it effects society in an emotionally, spiritually, and even physical way. 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A Study On The Chinese Of The National Network Of China...

The national broadcast network of China has once produced a popular TV show, Are You Happy?, More than 3500 people were interviewed by answering the question, from garbage collectors to public servants to Nobel winner, the 90% of the respondents which claimed by the produced said they were happy (Chinadaily, 2014), and the result may sound too good to be true. According to another official survey conducted across 24 cities in 2010 had showed that 75% of Chinese urban resident felt either fairly happy or very happy (Xiangwei, 2015). Why the Chinese feel so happy? One of the reasons were concluded by the Chinese researchers in the national survey claimed the Chinese salaries increased from a low base (Chinadaily, 2014), people feel happier as they made more money; the report from Financial Times also suggested that average incomes of Chinese have more than tripled over the past decade (Docin, 2015). Here comes the question, there is a tendency of the society is in an atmosphere of chas ing wealth, money comes first, which directly or indirectly caused a serious of severe issues, the corruption, the food safety, the moral crisis and so on, the worst of all, people seems to be accustomed to the Scandals over pork disguised as beef, recycled waste cooking oil and other demoralization acts which have made headlines. The issues described above raised several questions about which the author curious. This essay will help me to understand those queries around me according toShow MoreRelatedThe Government s Combat On Copyrights Infringement2844 Words   |  12 PagesAbstract As China rose to become one of the world’s largest trading partners following its accession to the WTO, the country also began to face intense pressure from the international community to abide by standards on intellectual property rights. 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Read the case carefully and answer the following questions: 1.Till 2005, eBay EachNet was the leader in the Chinese e-commerce market, controlling more than half of it. But eBay EachNet soon lost its market leadership position to Taobao.com (Taobao). In this context, analyze the

Motivating a clerical assistant Free Essays

It has been found out that morale and high productivity or output always go together. They have a positive correlation. If the worker likes his work, his fellow worker , and the company, his high productivity will bring him increased acceptance and prestige among the workers and management, as well as increase in pay and advancement in position. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivating a clerical assistant or any similar topic only for you Order Now He finds these things rewarding and is stimulated to work conscientiously. As a wise and effective supervisor to the clerical assistant, I should aim at both high morale and high productivity to be developed and sustained during these times and in the coming hectic season. Some specific things I can do: 1. Provide good physical conditions for work. I cannot literally give to the assistant because I do not own the company nor even position myself as the manager. But I will try to influence my big boss/es that those things that can help improve his/her work be provided like small amenities as supply of office materials needed to speed up his/her work to a ventilated workplace. 2. Reduce work frustration on the job to a minimum by means of a good environment and/or working relationship. 3. Treat him/her as one that has a personality that can be hurt. Hence, with the assistant around, I will influence others in treating the assistant as somebody who is needed and must be encouraged by thoughtful words and tact. 4. Have a good communication system. This is related with item #3. It is my job to facilitate smooth flow of interrelationships in the department. I believe I can do this by proper feedback of things that add credit to the assistant and back to others especially the director. The person with high morale has confidence in himself, thinks his work is worth doing and that he is doing a good job (Landy, 1985). Perhaps, one good exchange I can probably offer him/her is flexible working hours. I can suggest this to the management especially when the assistant has other pressing responsibilities at home. Another is schedule trips that can be given away as incentives after the hectic season (Baron, 1983). Reference: 1. Baron, R. Behavior in Organizations: Understanding and Managing the Human Side of Work, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1983. 2. Landy, F.J. Psychology of Work Behavior (3rd edition). Dorsey press, 1985. Â   How to cite Motivating a clerical assistant, Essay examples

Seperation of Power free essay sample

Pursuant to the basic features for a presidential system, Nigerian administrative system vested the governmental powers of legislating, implementing and interpreting laws into three separate but co-ordinated bodies namely; Legislature, Executive and Judiciary respectively. Hence, the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria like 1979 and 1989 constitutions leanly and succinctly provides for separation rather than fusion of power. Based on this provision therefore, members of the law making body (parliamentarians) at both Federal and State levels and even at the Local government being the third tier of government are not allowed to be members of executive or judiciary and vice versa. Unlike the Great Britain where the Prime Minister is the leader of the party that has the majority in the parliament, and has a parliamentary status, President in Nigeria is elected in a general election on the basis of Universal Adult Suffrage and for the time being in power as the head of the executive and Commander-in- Chief has no parliamentary status. We will write a custom essay sample on Seperation of Power or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Judiciary headed by the Chief Justice of the Federation is an independent body charged primarily with the responsibility of interpreting law does not have her membership drawn from legislative or executive branches and as such cannot exercise legislative or executive powers unless the powers are delegated. In view of this, separation of power is an integral part of the Nigerian governmental process based on her adoption of the US modeled presidential system of government since 1979. â€Å"When the people know their rights and act on them, the revolution is already on the go. † Separation of powers is a key characteristic of a liberal democracy where the government has an inherent control system to ensure that no arm of it is able to abuse power. Under this model, the government is divided into three branches with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility, This political arrangem  ent creates a   division of the legislative, executive, and   judicial functions of the government among separate and independent bodies. Such a separation limits the possibility of arbitrary excesses by government since the sanction of all three branches is required for the making, executing, and administering of laws. The separation of powers creates checks and balances which allows for a system based regulation that allows one branch to limit another, such as the power of Legislative to alter the composition and jurisdiction of the federal courts or the Judiciary ruling that a law is unconstitutional. Unfortunately, the Judiciary and the Legislative can not be said to be independent of the executive in our system. The executives mostly wield overwhelming influences on the other arms of the government. Legislative This is an arm of the government that is solely responsible for making laws. Legislatures may be unicameral or bicameral. In Nigeria, at the federal level, we have a bicameral Legislative (the Senate and the House of Representative) while at states level, we have the unicameral Legislative i. e. the state Assemblies. Their powers includes writing and passing laws, enacting taxes, authorising borrowing, declaring a war, establishing the government’s budget, confirming executive appointments, ratifying treaties, investigating the executive branch, impeaching and removing from office members of the executive and judiciary, and redressing constituents’ grievances. Members are elected directly from constituencies representing an entire population. In presidential system, the executive and Legislative branches are clearly separated; in parliamentary systems, members of the executive branch are chosen from the Legislative membership. The Legislative In Nigeria Section 4 of the Nigerian Constitution states as follows: 4. (1) The Legislative powers of the Federal Republic of Nigeria shall be vested in a National Assembly for the Federation, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives. 2) The National Assembly shall have power to make laws for the peace, order and good government of the Federation or any part thereof with respect to any matter included in the Exclusive Legislative List set out in Part I of the Second Schedule to this Constitution. (3) The power of the National Assembly to make laws for the peace, order and good government of the Federation with respect to any matter included in the Exclusive Legislative List shall , save as otherwise provided in this Constitution, be to the exclusion of the Houses of Assembly of States. 4) In addition and without prejudice to the powers conferred by subsection (2) of this section, the National Assembly shall have power to make laws with respect to the following matters, that is to say:- (a) any matter in the Concurrent Legislative List set out in the first column of Part II of the Second Schedule to this Constitution to the extent prescribed in the second column opposite thereto; and (b) any other matter with respect to which it is empowered to make laws in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution. 5) If any Law enacted by the House of Assembly of a State is inconsistent with any law validly made by the National Assembly, the law made by the National Assembly shall prevail, and that other Law shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void. (6) The Legislative powers of a State of the Federation shall be vested in the House of Assembly of the St ate. 7) The House of Assembly of a State shall have power to make laws for the peace, order and good government of the State or any part thereof with respect to the following matters, that is to say:- (a) any matter not included in the Exclusive Legislative List set out in Part I of the Second Schedule to this Constitution. b) any matter included in the Concurrent Legislative List set out in the first column of Part II of the Second Schedule to this Constitution to the extent prescribed in the second column opposite thereto; and (c) any other matter with respect to which it is empowered to make laws in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution. 8) Save as otherwise provided by this Constitution, the exercise of Legislative powers by the National Assembly or by a House of Assembly shall be subject to the jurisdiction of courts of law and of judicial tribunals established by law, and accordingly, the National Assembly or a House of Assembly shall not enact any law, that oust s or purports to oust the jurisdiction of a court of law or of a judicial tribunal established by law. (9) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions f this section, the National Assembly or a House of Assembly shall not, in relation to any criminal offence whatsoever, have power to make any law which shall have retrospective effect. Executive This is a branch of government charged with executing or carrying out the laws and appointing officials, formulating and instituting foreign policy, and providing diplomatic representation. The executive is vested with the power to spend money allocated for certain purposes as in the budget and may veto laws and grant pardon to convicted criminals. This arm of government wages war at the direction of the Legislative because the Legislative makes law for the military. The executive is usually empowered to make decrees or declaration such as declaring a state of emergency or promulgating lawful regulations and executive orders. In an ideal situation, a system of checks and balances keeps the power of the executive more or less equal to that of the judiciary and the legislature. The executive power is vested in the President to   preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution and the laws of the country. The principal responsibility of the President is to ensure that the laws are faithfully executed. The Constitution does not require the President to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the President may perform such duties. The Constitution, empowers the President to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Legislative. Legislative may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the President. The Presidents responsibility is to execute whatever instructions he is given by the Legislative. As a check and balance, the President can exercises a check over the Legislative through his power to veto bills, but Legislators may override any veto by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Legislative cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the President may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the President. The President, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senates advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves or amnesties as it is ongoing in the Niger Delta part of the federation. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient. The President is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. However, it is the Legislative that has the power to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces, and to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate. Legislative also has the sole power to declare war, and requires that all Generals appointed by the President be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office. The Executive in Nigeria Section 5 of the Nigerian Constitution states as follows: 5. 1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the executive powers of the Federation: (a) shall be vested in the President and may subject as aforesaid and to the provisions of any law made by the National Assembly, be exercised by him either directly or through the Vice-President and Ministers of the Government of the Federation or officers in the public service of the Federation; and (b) shall extend to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution, all laws made by the National Assembly and to all matters with respect to whi ch the National Assembly has, for the time being, power to make laws. 2) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the executive powers of a State: (a) shall be vested in the Governor of that State and may, subject as aforesaid and to the provisions of any Law made by a House of Assembly, be exercised by him either directly or through the Deputy Governor and Commissioners of the Government of that State or officers in the public service of the State; and (b) shall extend to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution, all laws made by the House of Assembly of the State and to all matters with respect to which the House of Assembly has for the time being power to make laws. 3) The executive powers vested in a State under subsection (2) of this section shall be so exercised as not to:- (a) impede or prejudice the exercise of the executive powers of the Federation; (b) endanger any asset or investment of the Government of the Federation in that State; or (c) endanger the c ontinuance of a Federal Government in Nigeria. 4) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this section:- (a) the President shall not declare a state of war between the Federation and another country except with the sanction of a resolution of both Houses of the National Assembly, sitting in a joint session; and (b) except with the prior approval of the Senate, no member of the armed forces of the Federation shall be deployed on combat duty outside Nigeria. 5) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (4) of this section, the President, in consultation with the National Defence Council, may deploy members of the armed forces of the Federation on a limited combat duty outside Nigeria if he is satisfied that the national security is under imminent threat or danger: Provided that the President shall, within seven days of actual combat engagement, seek the consent of the Senate and the Senate shall thereafter give or refuse the said consent within 14 days. Judiciary This is the branch of government whose task is the authoritative adjudication of controversies over the application of laws in specific situations. This power to decide cases and controversies is vested in the Supreme Court and lower courts established by the laws made by the legislative. The judges are appointed by the executive with the advice and approval of the Legislative and can be removed by the Legislative through impeachment proceedings. In the course of the its duty and power, the judiciary does the following:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determines which laws Legislative intended to apply to any given case  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determines whether a law is (un)Constitutional  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determines how Legislative meant the law to apply to disputes  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determines how laws should be interpreted to assure uniform policies in a top-down fashion via the appeals process, but gives discretion in individual cases to low-level judges. (The amount of discretion depends upon the standard of review, determined by the type of case in question.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Polices its own members As a check and balance, Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Legislative, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Legislative’s power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls. The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a Presidents impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justices role in this regard is a limited one. Judiciary In Nigeria 6. (1) The judicial powers of the Federation shall be vested in the courts to which this section relates, being courts established for the Federation. 2) The judicial powers of a State shall be vested in the courts to which this section relates, being courts established, subject as provided by this Constitution, for a State. (3) The courts to which this section relates, established by this Constitution for the Federation and for the States, specified in subsection (5) (a) to (1) of this section, shall be the only superior courts of record in Nigeria; and save as otherwise prescribed by the National Assembly or by the House of Assembly of a State, each court shall have all the powers of a superior court of record. 4) Nothing in the foregoing provisions of this section shall be construed as precluding:- (a) the National Assembly or any House of Assembly from establishing courts, other than those to which this section relates, with subordinate jurisdiction to that of a High Court; (b) the National Assembly or any House of Assembly, which does not require it, from abolishing any court which it has power to establish or which it has brought into being. (5) This section relates to:- (a) the Supreme Court of Nigeria; (b) the Court of Appeal; (c) the Federal High Court; d) the High Court of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja; (e) a High Court of a State (f) the Sharia Court of Appeal of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja; (g) a Sharia Court of Appeal of a State; (h) the Customary Court of Appeal of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja; (i) a Customary Court of Appeal of a State; (j) such other courts as may be authorised by law to exercise jurisdiction on matters with respect to which the National Assembly m ay make laws; and (k) such other court as may be authorised by law to exercise jurisdiction at first instance or on appeal on matters with respect to which a House of Assembly may make laws. 6) The judicial powers vested in accordance with the foregoing provisions of this section: (a) shall extend, notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Constitution, to all inherent powers and sanctions of a court of law (b) shall extend, to all matters between persons, or between government or authority and to any persons in Nigeria, and to all actions and proceedings relating thereto, for the determination of any question as to the civil rights and obligations of that person; (c) shall not except as otherwise provided by this Constitution, extend to any issue or question as to whether any act of omission by any authority or person or as to whether any law or any judicial decision is in conformity with the Fundamental Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy set out in Chapter II of this Constitution; (d) shall not, as from the date when this section comes into force, extend to any action or proceedings relating to any existing law made on or after 15th January, 1966 for determining any issue or question as to the competence of any authority or person to make any such law.