Warriors Dont Cry

Table of Contents Introduction Evaluation Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Warriors Don’t Cry, Written by Melba Patillo Beals is a masterpiece addressing the challenges that faced integration of black students in classes dominated by white students. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Warriors Don’t Cry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Melba was among the first black students to be integrated in Central High School (CHS). Before Melba could join a high school, there is a court ruling illegalizing segregation in schools where blacks and whites attend separate schools. However, sending Melba to Central High School was tantamount to child abuse because the danger she was being exposed to was evident; it is lucky that she was not killed. As this paper explicates, Melba was exposed to grave danger and this negates the need to take her to that school in the first place. Evaluation As aforeme ntioned, the danger exposed to Melba by sending her to Central High School is evident. After the court ruling illegalizing segregation in schools, a white who has been angered by the decision tries to rape Melba; if it were not for Marissa, who attacks the white man, Melba would have gone through this beastly sexual assault. This is the first foretell sign that Melba was in trouble. Threats are all over and it is clear that the much-waited integration would not be welcome amongst the whites. The numerous numbers of lawsuits that different whites file before the opening of school echo this impeding danger. These lawsuits are meant to intimidate the nine students set to join Central High School. Melba’s custodians could have taken the warnings and keep Melba at home. However; India, her grandmother does not to relent, she says, â€Å"God’s warriors don’t cry, ‘cause they trust that He’s always by their side (Melba 18). Ignoring facts does not chan ge them and this is where India; Melba’s grandmother misses the point. She chooses to ignore the fact that the prevailing environment is not suitable for Melba. On September 3, 1957, India drives her grandchild Melba to CHS. As expected, they are attacked by a white mob; fortunately, they escape unscathed. To emphasize how volatile the environment around CHS is, Arkansas National Guard surrounds the school. Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is enough reason to make India realize how unwise it is to continue pushing Melba to attend this school. Melba insists that she wants to return to Horace Mann, her former high school but India insists that she is not that coward to quit. Melba cannot leave the house and this measure up to child abuse. In an attempt to save the situation, Governor Faubus and President Eisenhower intervene but their efforts are fruitless. The State of Arkansas wins a case that seeks to remove Arkansas National Guard around the school. Judge Davies rules that the nine black students be allowed to study in CHS. Governor Faubus follows the judge’s directive and removes the guards around the school; however, he says there will a lot of bloodshed if Melba and the other eight students join CHS. These insinuations are enough to warn India that it is inexpedient to take Melba to CHS. Ignoring this fact, India is perpetuating child abuse. On September 23, 1957, the nine black students go to CHS only to be attacked by angry white students. Even though these black students manage to enter into class, Melba is coerced to seek refuge in the principle’s office after a mob breaks the school barricades and advance towards her classroom. This is grave danger facing Melba yet India does not care or rather does not see it. Can child abuse to more than this? The greatest mistake that India makes in this case is to face danger with sheer vague beliefs. Melba may not be a quitter; however, this does not make her immune to attacks from white mobs. After several failed efforts to prevent the mob attacks, President Eisenhower employs force to root out this vice. The black students are given 101st Airborne Division escort. Nevertheless, this does not help greatly given the torture Melba and her friends are going through. â€Å"The physical and psychological punishment we endured profoundly affected all our lives. It transformed us into warriors who dared not cry even when we suffered intolerable pain† (Melba 29). The fact that Melba underwent through â€Å"torture† and â€Å"intolerable pain† underlines child abuse. She did not become a warrior because she wanted to; no, this was the only way she could respond to the abuse she was exposed to by the people who took her to CHS.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Warriors Don’t Cry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Melba puts it clearly the problems that she went through. While other students were busy playing and having good time, she was, â€Å"escaping the hanging rope of a lynch mob, dodging lighted sticks of dynamite, and washing away burning acid sprayed into my eyes† (Melba 32). What more evidence can there be to show that Melba was endangering her life. The God India speaks of being around Melba was at work for she was never killed. What is India thinking when pushing Melba to continue attending CHS? The attacks do not stop even after international community raises concern. Mrs. Jorumn Rickets, a Norwegian reporter tries to intervene but white businesspersons thwart her efforts. President Eisenhower calls back 101st Airborne and this gives way for more attacks. One day, while Melba is in washrooms, white girls attacks her and subjects her to blistering waters. After Minnijean, one of the nine black students is suspended for throwing chili in the eyes of his attacks, the white students break into a chant saying, â€Å"One nigger down and eight to go† (Melba 45). On another occasion, Melba is about to be attacked by a white mob thank God Link saves her by giving her his car keys. Link warns her of more imminent attacks that the whites are planning. These attacks are too much for Melba to handle. Even though she handles them by becoming a warrior, the pain is too much to bear as a child. From the examples indicated above, it is clear that Melba was under grave danger and this is tantamount to child abuse. Conclusion From the events that Melba accounts for in her book, it is apparent that she is exposed to grave danger by going to CHS. Those who let her go to this school are guilty of child abuse. From the beginning, it is clear that the whites are not for the idea of integration. After the court illegalizes segregation in schools, a white man tried to rape Melba for he is against this ruling. This is a clear indication that letting Melba attend CHS is a dangerous issue. After India and Melba are attacked and luckily escape unscathed, India responds by telling Melba that she is not a quitter and she needs to push on for these attacks would recede. However, this is a misinformed notion for Melba continues to live under fear as the attacks persist. The torture and intimidation that Melba bears, amount to child abuse. She confesses that they only became warriors who would not shed tears because this was the only way to face their hard times. Everything that happened to Melba is tantamount to child abuse; attempted rape through physical attacks to psychological torture surmounts child abuse.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Melba, Beals. â€Å"Warriors Don’t Cry; A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock’s Central High School.† Washington; Washington Square Press, 1994. This research paper on Warriors Don’t Cry was written and submitted by user Melody Mckay to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Canadas Efforts in Yugoslavia †History (200 Level Course)

Canadas Efforts in Yugoslavia – History (200 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers In the 1970’s and 1980’s, Yugoslavia did not seem like the communist countries found elsewhere in Eastern Europe. This appearance was misleading. In reality, Yugoslavia was a police state where people could be imprisoned for their beliefs. The communist party was the only one allowed as all other political parties were banned. Yugoslavia seemed to be achieving economically because of the money the Yugoslavian government was able to borrow. The people of Yugoslavia were divided. Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Muslims, Montenegrins, Albanians, and Macedonians, all who made up the population of Yugoslavia were suspicious and resentful of one another. Feelings of hatred began to escalate during the late 1980’s that suddenly exploded into violence in 1991. Almost instantly the world’s view of Yugoslavia changed. From being a peaceful and stable country, Yugoslavia was suddenly altered into a land of murder and refugees. On May 25 1993, â€Å"resolution 827† was adopted, which set forth NATO’s Tribunal’s mandate to prosecute individuals responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law committed on the territory of the former Yugoslavia. In Bosnia hostilities were put on hold with a cease- fire among the three warring factions in October 1995. In December 1995 parties to the Bosnia conflict, including Croatia and Serbia, signed the Dayton Agreement. This rejects the current widespread argument that Yugoslavia fell apart because of domestic struggles and militant activities, but more to the impact the Western powers had on Yugoslavia. Countries like the United States and Germany offered support to their favored ethnic groups to help them advance their own national policy agendas. Many attempts to help keep peace in Yugoslavia have been put forth. Through all the killing and destruction caused by the wars, Canada is still one of the only countries helping to correct this disaster. Perhaps slower out of the gate, Canada has spent billions towards this cause, Canada has sent thousands of troops to keep peace, and Canada has also put forth an effort worth boasting about. When this problem became apparent to the rest of the world, few countries stepped in to help stop it. After countries like Britain, France, United States, and Germany started to land in Bosnia and Croatia, Canada was still undecided whether to help or not in this peacekeeping mission. Being the 30th and last of the countries that agreed to go help, Canada joined and was part of the peacekeeping project. The federal cabinet gave its final approval to the deployment of Canadian soldiers just two days after a debate on the issue in the House of Commons. An exercise that opposition parties labeled as a sham, arguing that the government had already made up its mind on what it was going to do. The Defense Minister was David Collenette at the time. Mr. Collenette made his views clear at the debate saying, â€Å"It is fine for us Canadians to pound on our chests and yell from the hill tops about world peace. But unless we’re prepared to do something about it, to commit our own resources, to commit our own people, then I think our words ring hallow.† Although these words were very persuasive some still believed that Canada should not join. Alliance pressures being what they were, Canada felt that they had to join and be involved. When it came time to vote, Canada pulled together enough votes to officially make Canada involved in the peacekeeping mission led by NATO. Other allies involved in this were France, Britain, The United States, Germany, and even non-NATO nations like Bangladesh. In the UN headquarters in New York, UN members were questioning whether Canada was pulling its own weight. Canada had slipped to 25th in terms of the number of troops, police and observers it sends to do UN peacekeeping. As the Balkan experience was showing, Canada was putting forth more and taking greater action for peace, Canadians realize that it does not come cheap. Now that Canadians were finally showing how much it can do to fight for peace, they were realizing that money might slow them down. The department of national defense revealed that Canada spent $4.9 billion on peacekeeping in the former Yugoslavia in the past ten years. That total includes $1.4 billion in incremental costs. Money that would have been saved if the troops had stayed home. Heavy spending in the Balkans is a subject for heated behind-closed-doors debate in Canada’s foreign policy community. In 2000-2001 Canada expected to spend $222 million on peacekeeping, and just $47 million on other â€Å"aid† programs on the rest of the world. Helping out third world countries hit by famine, floods, and other disasters like earthquakes. The latest figures available state that in 1999-2000 the Canadian government spent $385 million helping certain regions hit by floods, earthquakes, and famine. Canada has spent $340 million on Yugoslavia, almost spending as much as it did on the rest of the world with aid money. Along with all the money spent Canada has also sent many soldiers. Canada agreed to send 1, 000 troops to start. Britain sent 14, 000 troops, France sent 10, 000, and Germany sent 4, 000 troops. The Canadian troops were split up into different areas. 500 Canadians were to be responsible for running one of three headquarters in the British sector, along with 400 infantrymen and 100 communications and logistics troops. With the infantry to be used for defensive purposes, Canadians were expected to patrol potentially dangerous zones dividing Bosnia, Croats, and Serbs. In Bosnia alone, 10 Canadians have died, more than 100 others wounded and many others suffering from psychological stress. As the war continued more troops were sent. After two years of war approximately 100, 000 people in total have died. Canadian troops still remain in Bosnia therefore, adding to the already high cost of this peacekeeping mission. Bringing an end to this essay on Canada’s involvement in the former Yugoslavia we can conclude that Canada was not all talk about bringing this world to peace but showed action as well. At the beginning of this situation authorities were questioning if Canada could hold their own in this peacekeeping battle. In the end Canada showed that they were serious about ending this problem by spending billions towards it, sending thousands of troops to fight against it, as this was an effort definitely worth boasting about for Canada. Even though Canada had put this much effort into stopping this war, it still goes on today. Canadian Defense says that approximately 1, 650 troops are still in Bosnia because this Balkan armed conflict is far from over. Beyond stopping the fighting between Bosnia’s Serbs, Croats, and Muslims, the mission was intended to reverse the ethnic cleansing that had forced minorities to flee their homes under threat of death. Refugee officials are hop eful that returns will pick up this year, but say that whoever has not yet returned home in two years time will probably never do so. Frustrated in their desire to secede and join their mother countries, the hard-line Serbs and Croats who hold power in their regions â€Å"say ‘no’ to anything that looks like Bosnia.† Even though it seems very slim for a possibility for this war to end in peace right now, the NATO led group has not given up on looking for ways to end this battle calmly and pleasant so that these ethnic groups can live in peace. Research Papers on Canada's Efforts in Yugoslavia - History (200 Level Course)Quebec and CanadaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationCapital PunishmentPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresDefinition of Export QuotasEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Chnage Management and Communication Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Chnage Management and Communication Plan - Essay Example Customers demand increased demand for larger production of plastics as Fortune 1000 enterprise recognized (Robbins & Judge, 2011). Riordan manufacturing functions in bureaucratic and a system based on formal power structures. According to Riordan manufacturing (Organisations charts Executive), a narrow span of control displays the information. Product base and manufacturing decision are only based on a central view. The formal power structures in Riordan are mechanically based in nature thereby a managerial hierarchy chain of command works .the structures that have a narrow span of control affects negatively the company. Power structures currently at Riordan manufacturing are employee development without any job satisfaction and internal growth. With a company staff over a thousand then, company needs to create and effective and efficient computer utilization system to speed processing among departments, employees and customers (Robbins & Judge, 2011). Riordan Manufacturing needs to keep a competitive edge in order to stay competitive by implementing a formal system to manage customer information that has been traditionally been completed by employees. The power and political structures do affect employee behavior. The channels of communication are efficient and cost effective to the organization. Riordan manufacturing based on formal power structures can work efficiently if communication levels and management develops a plan diversified to increased job satisfaction by improving channels of communication. The formal power structures should not exist. Riordan manufacturing company should create a local area network, and connection of an intranet system to enhance efficient communication among departments and suppliers. The network would have a department specific access code and information based on the functionality of the site. Improving the communication is a way suppliers can see

Effects of Globalization on Brazil 1163 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effects of Globalization on Brazil 1163 - Essay Example e increased imports causing job losses, rising inequality and homogenization of tastes which may impact local producers adversely (Held and McGrew, 2007). There are multiple causes of globalization like improvement in information technology, opening up of trade, creation of multiple trade regulatory bodies and growth of multinational companies to name a few (Woo, 2009). Brazil, the largest country of South America, was under a military government regime till 1985. Brazil is regarded as a rapidly growing developing country of South America. Brazilian economy is largely dependent on its strong agricultural sector and the industrial sector comprising mining and manufacturing activities (Bengoa and Sanchez-Robles, 2003). Globalization has a massive impact on the economy of Brazil as a whole. Globalization has increased the stability of the Brazilian economy. Increased stability has enhanced the flow of foreign direct investment in the country and many multinational companies have ventured into Brazil. Foreign trade in Brazil have received huge boost from the year 2000 onwards and many researchers have confirmed this to be plausible source of growth of the economy (Bengoa and Sanchez-Robles, 2003). The sudden fall in the global demand had affected Brazil adversely and the export sector had been maligned badly. There was a fall in the price of raw materials and sales of exported goods exacerbated the conditions in Brazil. Brazil has been badly bruised by the global financial crisis. The crisis has highlighted the negative aspects of over-dependence (Kaltenbrunner and Painceira, 2009). Globalization had a positive impact on the healthcare systems of Brazil by raising the commitment of government to prevent environmental degradation. The aim of the government is to reduce emission level by 40% till 2020. Protecting the agricultural sector and environment is an important concern for Brazil in the era of globalization (Alkmim, et al., 2012). Negative impacts of

Why I want to attend Virginia State University Essay

Why I want to attend Virginia State University - Essay Example My intention to take the Accounting program is because I would like to manage the family business and help in the administration of finances. I performed better in the lower grade level and business was my favorite subject. The other reason why I wish to pursue this course at Virginia State University is that it has facilities and resources that make learning favorable for future job commitments. The University should consider my application since I am self-motivated, disciplined and ambitious. I shall apply my strengths to enable the Finance and Accounting department attain its missions and visions of training competent workers. It is my belief that I shall be considered for a slot to attend the institution. I promise to observe the rules and work hard towards accomplishing the objectives of the department. I look forward to receiving a timely response from the applications committee and I am ready to attend interviews when called upon

Overview of Portfolio Theories

Overview of Portfolio Theories Introduction The word â€Å"Portfolio† can be defined as; the totality of decisions determining an individuals future prospects† (Sharpe, 1970). Portfolio can consist of many types of assets such as plant, property, real and financial assets (P.A Bowen, 1984). Portfolio theories propose how rational and prudent investors should use their due diligence to diversify their investments to optimize their portfolios, and how a risky asset should be priced as compared to less risky asset. People have been investing in the different assets class since decades but then they realize the importance of risk and its negative implications, if not treated effectively. Every investor has his own tolerance of risk and investors defines it in his ability of taking it. The portfolio theories have been derived over time in order to effectively measure the risk and how it can be reduced by diversify in their asset. Article 1: â€Å"The Legacy of Modern Portfolio Theory† This article covers the highlights of modern portfolio theory, describing how risk and its effects are measured and how planning and asset allocation can help you do something about it. Modern portfolio theory is the theoretical conflicting of conventional stock picking. It is being put forward by the economists, who try to understand the phenomena of the market as a whole, instead of business analysts, who look for individual investment opportunities. Investments are explained statistically, as how much investor expected long-term return rate and their expected short-term volatility. It measures how much expected return can deviate much worse than average an investments bad years are likely to be. The goal of the theory is to identify your adequate level of risk tolerance, and then to come up with a portfolio with the maximum expected return for that level of standard deviation (risk). The portfolio it assumes that the investment universe consists only of two market securities, the risk free asset and risky assets. But the actual investment universe is much broader than that being put forward. The optimal level of investment is to invest on efficient frontier but doing this would mean to calculate the millions of covariance among the securities. This calculation could make the life of analyst as difficult as one could have ever imagined. To think practically, its better to put portfolio theory to work means investing in a limited number of index securities rather than a huge number of individual stocks and bonds. Index investing is the point the where portfolio theory starts to rely on the efficient market hypothesis. When you buy an index based portfolio strategy youre allocating your money the same way the whole market is which is a high-quality thing if you believe the market has a plan and it is efficient. This is why portfolio theory is one of the branches of economics rather than finance: instead of only studying financial statements and different financial ratios, you study the aggregate behavior of investors, some of whom seemingly have studied financial statements so that market valuations will reflect their due diligence and prudence. Article 2: â€Å"Theory of portfolio and risk based on incremental entropy† The article has used incremental entropy to optimize the portfolios. This novel portfolio theory has been based on incremental entropy that carries on some facet of Markowitzs (1959, 1991) theory, but it highlights that the incremental speed of capital is a more objective criterion for assessing portfolios. The performance of the portfolio just cannot be justified with the returns because we have to keep in mind the risk of achieving those returns. Given the probability forecasts of returns, we can obtain the best possible investment ratio. Combining the new portfolio theory and the general theory of information, we can approach a meaning-explicit measure, which represents the increment of capital-increasing speed after information is provided. The article has used example to make it more clear that as we try to become rich within days there involve high risk of even losing those money which we at-least own at present. The ineffective investment is like a coin toss either you have al l the money in your pocket or you end having nothing in your pocket. The same being very risk averse would not help you become rich. You there has to be a balance in selecting the portfolio and this article explain the optimal investment ratio. (pg 1) Markowitz explains us that an efficient portfolio is either a portfolio that offers the maximum expected return for a given level of risk, or one with the minimum level of risk for a given expected return. There is no objective criterion to define the maximum effectiveness of a portfolio given the expected return and risk level and different expects have different view about it. The Markowitzs efficient portfolio tells us about the indifference curve of the investor and about the market portfolio. It is not the portfolio which we need for the fastest increment of capital. So, this article has derived a new mathematical model. The model explains that when gain and loss are have equal chance of occurring, if the loss is up to 100 percent, one should not risk more than 50 percent of fund no matter how lofty the possible gain might be. This conclusion has a great importance and significant for risky investments, such as futures, options, etc. Most of the new investors of future markets lose all of their money very fast because the investment ratios are not well controlled and generally too large. we can obtain the optimal ratios of investments in different securities or assets when probability forecasts of returns are given. Comparison with Markowitzs theory The new theory supports Markowitzs conclusions that investment risk can be reduced by effective portfolio, but there are some obvious differences: The new theory uses geometric mean return as the objective criterion for optimizing portfolio and gives some formulas for optimizing investment ratios; and . The new theory makes use of extent and possibility of gain and loss rather than expectation of return and standard deviation (risk) of the return to explain investment value. Article 3: â€Å"On the competitive theory and practice of portfolio selection† To select an optimal level of portfolio has always been a basic and fundamental problem in the field of computation finance. There are lots of securities are available including the cash and the basic online problem is to agree on a portfolio for the ith trading period based on the series of price for the scheduled i-1 trading period. There has been increasing interest but also mounting uncertainty relating to the value of competitive theory of online portfolio selection algorithms. Competitive analysis is based on the worst and most unexpected case scenarios and viewpoint; such a point of view is conflicting with the most widely used analysis and theories being adopted by the investors based on the statistical models and assumptions. Surprisingly in some of the initial experiments result shows that some algorithms which have enjoyed a highly regarded repute seems to outperform the historical sequence of data when seen in relation to competitive worst case scenarios. The emerging com petitive theory and the algorithms are directly related to the studies in information theory and computational learning theory, in fact some of the algorithms have been the broken new ground and set new standards within the information and computational theory learning based communities. The one of the primary goal and objective of this paper is understand the extent to which competitive portfolio algorithms are in reality learning and are they really contributing to the welfare of the investor. In order to find out so they have used set of different strategies this can be adapted to data sequence. This is being presented in a mixture of both strong theoretical and experimental results. It has also been compared with the performance of existing and new algorithms and respects to standard series of the historical sequence data and it also present the experiments from other three data sequence. It is being concluded that there is huge potential for selecting portfolio through algorith ms that are being derived from competitive force and as well as derived from the statistical properties of data. Article 4: â€Å"International property Portfolio Strategies† The article talks about the investment decisions regarding real estate, and try to put in the Markowitz mean variance formula to analyze the real estate market. They are not confined only to local real estate diversification but they are also including international diversification. Markowitz mean variance continuum and graph is useful in analyzing the efficient securities, and they help in the selection of an optimal portfolio on envelope curve taking into account the risk preferences of an investor. But when analysts try to incorporate real estate market to the Markowitz theory the major problems regarding liquidity, heterogeneity, indivisibility and information are faced by them which restrict them from further optimal analysis. Many investors have tried to support the theory to make a portfolio by considering property as asset like equity and bond investments; although there are a lot of differences among the characteristics of assets discussed above, but one can diversify its portfolio by investing in real assets, analysts argue. The discussion was dominated by the concept of international diversification of assets including real estate. To support the analysis in UK the (Sweeney , 1988-1989) work in cited most of the times, he came up with the famous model of real estate to come up with efficient diversification strategy, he used rental value of for different countries and came up with the model of risk return theory; after that a lot of analysts including: [Baum and Schofield (1991), Brà ¼hl and Lizieri (1994), Gordon (1991), Hartzell et al. (1993), Johnson (1993), Sweeney (1993), Vo(1993) and Wurtzebach (1990)], have come up with analysis to support international diversification; but the result was som ehow was not justifying the inculcation of real estate to portfolio theory, because those assets were not correlated at all when inspected for the risk return behavior during last decade or so. This can be attributed to the failure of mean variance model to produce results, the main problems facing would be regarding data collection, technicalities, omitted categories, and ex post analysis. This is almost irrational and impossible to find the most efficient way to diversify a portfolio by including real asset as a separate asset, because of area problems, different locality, pricing conditions, economic conditions, liquidity differences, and data collection problems. As real estate market is highly uncorrelated even within the industry so the data sets are very difficult to find for analysis because of lack of empirical data on this market. Article 5: â€Å"Different risk measures: different portfolio compositions?† Choosing the suitable portfolio of assets in which to invest is an essential component of fund management. A large percentage of portfolio selection decisions were based on a qualitative basis, however quantitative approaches to selection are increasingly being employed. Markowitz (1952) established a quantitative framework for asset selection into a portfolio that is now well known. The measure of risk used in portfolio optimization models is the variance. Variance calculates how much deviation could be expected from the set of portfolio. The alternative methods of risk have their own theoretical and practical advantages and it is atypical that they are not used widely by investors. One of the reason may be because of the difficulty and complexity of understanding such models and then practically implementing those models and to decide in which measure of risk is best and gives the most realistic and useful results. It is important to identify the common risk measure and without doi ng so any attempt to measure the risk would be useless exercise. In order to cope with this, another approach is considered that is to comparing the portfolio holdings produced by different risk measures, rather than the traditional risk return trade-off. It is than being observed that whether the risk measures used produce asset allocations that are essentially the same or very different. In order to probe this concern this study tested the proposition that different measures of risk produce minimum risk portfolios that are essentially the same in terms of asset allocations, using monthly data over the period January 1987 to December 2002. The results show that the optimal portfolio compositions formed by different risk measures vary quite noticeably from measure to measure. These finding are very useful and have a practical implication for the investors because it recommend that the choice of risk model depends entirely on the individuals attitude to risk rather than any theoretic al or practical advantages of one model over another. It has been concluded that different investors have they indifference curve different from other and some of them like to take more risk as compare to other who are happy at earning low but safe returns. Conclusion It is being concluded that risk is more of a subjective term and different analysts and investor measures and perceive it in their own way. In todays word not even a single person can underestimate the importance of risk in selecting a security and emphasized is been given to diversification through proper portfolio selection process and everyone tries to optimize their returns given a certain level of risk. In order to do so they are using different statistical measures those have been derived over time to calculate risk. So selection of such method is limited to the understanding of a certain method to a certain investor and their effectiveness of results as compare to other methods.

The Degradation of Wives in the Victorian Period Essay -- Exploratory

The Degradation of Wives in the Victorian Period The degradation of the married woman in the Victorian era existed not only in that she was stripped of all her legal rights but also that no obligations were placed in her realm. Upon marriage, Victorian brides relinquished all rights to property and personal wealth to their husbands. Women were, under the law, â€Å"legally incompetent and irresponsible.† A married woman was entitled to no legal recourse in any matter, unless it was sponsored and endorsed by her husband. Helpless in the eyes of civil authority, the married woman was in the same category with â€Å"criminals, lunatics, and minors† (Vicinus 7). Eighteenth-century, English jurist, William Blackstone curtly described her legal status, â€Å"in law a husband and wife are one person, and the husband is that person† (Jones 402). The Victorian woman was her husband’s chattel. She was completely dependent upon him and subject to him. She had no right to sue for divorce or to the custody of her children should the couple separate. She could not make a will or keep her earnings. Her area of expertise, her sphere, was in the home as mother, homemaker and devoted domestic. Clear and distinct gender boundaries were drawn: Men were â€Å" . . . competitive, assertive, . . . and materialistic.† Women were â€Å"pious, pure, gentle . . . and sacrificing† (Woloch 125). No greater degradation took place in the Victorian woman’s life than in the bedroom. The Victorian woman had no right to her own body, as she was not permitted to refuse conjugal duties. She was believed to be asexual: â€Å"The majority of women, happily for them, are not much troubled with sexual feeling of any kind† (Woloch 128). The inference is, if the husband did not demand the f... ... Fiction, and Contract Theory: Trollope’s He Knew He Was Right.† Criticism XXXVI (Summer 1994): 401-14 Hellerstein, Erna Olafson, Hume, Leslie Parker, and Offen, Karen M., eds. Victorian Women; A Documentary Account of Women’s Lives in Nineteenth- Century England, France, and the United States. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981 Marshall, Gordon, ed. Dictionary of Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. National Center for Victims of Crime. Public Policy Issues: â€Å"Spousal Rape Laws: 20 Years Later.† 27 March 2002 . Perkin, Joan. Victorian Women. New York: New York University Press, 1993 Vicinus, Martha, ed. A Widening Sphere: Changing Roles of Victorian Women. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977 Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2000

Public Health Challenge Essay

Possibly the most imperative public health challenge for the United States today is the obesity epidemic the population has. This obesity epidemic, is linked to an array of costly and debilitating health consequences. The widespread challenge of obesity and the health problems and concerns that go with that is an American public health problem. FDA’s approval of two new medications that can help to decrease some of the obesity , decrease some of the chronic diseases associated with obesity, and decrease the costs associated with obesity. This essay will be addressing these pertinent problems and will prove that the new FDA drugs approved for weight loss will help American’s with weight loss that will decrease obesity, decrease chronic illnesses that are associated with obesity and decrease health care costs. Prevention of obesity along with investing in research is necessary for us to see a change in the obesity epidemic (Hammond, 2012). Research suggests that decreasing obesity will decrease the costs of health care, decrease chronic illnesses associated with obesity. Total obesity costs would be much more reduced, along with the cost for other conditions caused by excess weight in our population (Finkelstein, Trogdon, Cohen & Dietz, 2009). Research suggests that the newest FDA approved diet pills will benefit Americans by decreasing obesity, decreasing chronic diseases associated with obesity and decreasing health care costs. Research shows that newest FDA approved diet pills Qysimia, and Blviq (lorcaserin), are helping to decrease obesity in the American population that were taking these medications. The new diet drugs approved by FDA will benefit Americans by decreasing obesity rates in the American population. With two-thirds of all our population being obese or overweight or and the related cost of health costs, FDA was under pressure to approve any weight loss treatments (Berkrot & Yukhananov, 2012). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) permitted long-term weight loss obesity drugs for the first time in 13 years, these drugs are suppose to help unhealthy overweight and obese Americans with weight control that have been unsuccessful (FDA, 2012). These two new drugs, Belviq (lorcaserin) and Qsymia will be a tool to help Americans get and stay at a healthy weight (FDA, 2012). Belviq (lorcaserin) is one of the two new drugs that have been approved by the FDA. Resesearch currently showing promise and benefit from this medication. Belviq (lorcaserin) which drug’s efficacy submitted by FDA and Arena pharmaceuticals show a weight loss of five percent of their starting weight, averaging twelve pounds (Park, 2012a). Belviq (lorcaserin) works activating the brain receptors for serotonin which help to control appetite. Arena researchers explain that their drug is designed to seek out these appetite serotonin receptors and saturate them so that appetite is controlled. FDA and Arena pharmaceuticals show a weight loss of five percent of their starting weight, averaging twelve pounds. The best results have been shown in people that are on a healthy diet and an exercise program (Park, 2012a). FDA has approved this medications for obese patients with a BMI of 30 or above, or if a BMI of 27 and high cholesterol, hypertension or Type 2 diabetes. Side effects associated with this medication are fatigue, dizziness, dry mouth, constipation, headache and nausea; side effects for diabetic patients are fatigue, low blood sugar, headache, back pain and cough. The standard labeling for Belviq suggests that the drug be terminated in patients who fail to drop 5 percent of their body weight after 12 weeks of therapy, because they will probably not start achieving weight loss. When Belviq is given 10 milligrams twice a day, Belviq does not appear to activate the serotonin 2B receptor, which is what caused the withdrawal of fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine drugs because of cardiac issues. (Yao, 2012). The weight loss proven in research from this drug proves that Bekviq (lorcaserin) that will helped decrease the obesity in the American population that are prescribed this medication. A second new drug Qsymia, made by Vivus, is has been approved by FDA closely behind Belviq. Qsymia which drug’s efficacy in trials show a weight loss of 8.4 -10.6 percent of their starting weight. (2012b). This drug is a combination drug, topiramate, and phenertermine. Phentermine is an appetite suppressant stimulant, and topiramate is an anti-seizure medication that makes gives people the feeling of being fuller after eating. Research suggests that it works by targeting brain receptors that trigger eating too much. With clinical trials, obese patients that took Qsymia for a full year lost on average 8.4 % to 10.6% of their weight, the weight loss increased with higher doses. The FDA’s approval of Qsymia, after such a long diet-drug drought and despite the potential safety problems that plague weight-loss pills, marks a willingness to make new solutions available. FDA approved this drug for obese people with a BMI of thirty or greater or twenty-seven or more with another co-morbidity disease. Risks or side effects include increased heart rate, birth defects for pregnant women, and metabolic acidosis. With the American population increasing in obesity by over a third of the adults and effective weight loss treatments are few and rare. FDA approving these new weight loss pills shows us that new solutions are available (Park, 2012b). The weight loss associated with this drug is greater than that of Belviq but the potential complications and risk may be greater. FDA approving these two new drugs Qysmia and Belviq after a 13 year gap in FDA diet drug approval is promising to Americans, both drugs shows a substantial weight loss in obese patients with BMI of 27 or greater. This weight loss will be effective in decreasing obesity in the American population. These drugs are supposed to help unhealthy overweight and obese Americans with weight control that has been unsuccessful (Yao, 2012). Belviq (lorcase-rin) is a 10 mg tablet taken twice a day that works by sending signals to the brain that controls hunger. Weight loss from Belviq in studies averaged 3-3.7 percent. Qsymia is taken once a day, with patients starting at the lowest dose (3.75 mg phentermine/23 mg topira-mate extended-release), then increas-ing to the recommended dose (7.5mg/46 mg). The maximum dose increased to the highest dose (15 mg/92 mg). Weight loss from Qsymia in studys averaged 6.7-8.9 percent. Orlistat is the last FDA approved drug on the market currently. Prescriptions approved by FDA in the past have a history being removed because of detrimental side effects (FDA, 2012). A new solution for weight loss is necessary to help decrease the obesity epidemic in the United States and the FDA’s approval of Qsymia and Belviq, is the a start to answering how Americans can make weight loss being accessible (Park, 2012a). The two new diet drugs, Qysmia and Belviq approved by FDA will benefit Americans by decreasing chronic diseases associated with obesity in the American population. Conditions associated to obesity include heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and certain types of cancer, some of the leading causes of preventable death. (CDC, 2012). Decreasing obesity will decrease the amount and or severity of these chronic. Obesity is defined as an adult with a BMI (Body Mass Index) greater than 30 and overweight is defined as BMI of 25- to 29.9 or greater. In 2009-2010 37.5% of the American population was obese according to data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (Ogden, Carroll, Kit & Flegal, 2012). BMI is not a diagnostic tool. For example, if a person has a high BMI, a health care provider would need to perform further assessments to determine if the excess weight is a health risk. These assessments might include evaluations of diet, physical activity, family history, blo od tests and other appropriate health screenings (CDC, 2011). With over one third of Americans being overweight it increases the chronic illnesses of over one third of our population. Almost 41 million women and more than 37 million men aged 20 and over were obese in 2009–2010. Obesity leads to higher health risks and chronic diseases including type two diabetes, hypertension, and increased lipids to name a few. Adults aged 60 and over were more likely to be obese than younger adults. The Healthy People 2010 goals of 15% obesity among adults and 5% obesity among children were not met (Ogden, Carroll, Kit & Flegal, 2012). Decreasing obesity rates will decrease our chronic illnesses associated with obesity. . An effective obesity prevention strategy will be to include education and change policies to incorporate healthy changes to decrease obesity. According to an analysis in the American Journal of Public Health, as little as a 5 percent reduction in the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension would save almost $25 billion annually in med ium-term health care costs (Hammond, 2012). Sixty percent of the Americans obese or overweight population reported one or more chronic illnesses that were associated with obesity, in 2006, compared to 33 percent of normal-weight adults. Cardiovascular disease is one of the major risks associated with obesity. The excess fat associated with obesity raises cholesterol and blood pressure. Decreasing the excess fat will decrease cardiovascular disease. Cancer over the last decades has been linked to obesity, decreasing obesity will decrease some of the cancer risks. Type II diabetes is the one chronic disease mainly associated to obesity, and studies suggest that a weight gain of 11 pounds or more in adult aged patients is associated with 27 percent of type 2 diabetes (Combs, 2011). Decreasing weight of 11 pounds which is a possibility for patients on these diet drugs will decrease these chronic illnesses. The new approved diet pills help decrease chronic diseases associated with obesity as evidenced by decreased chronic illnesses being present in lower weighted Americans The new diet drugs approved by FDA will benefit Americans by decreasing health care cost associated with obesity in the American population. This obesity epidemic is associated with increased health care costs and will continue to increase over the next years. Prevention of obesity along with investing in research is necessary for us to see a change in the obesity epidemic (Hammond, 2012). Obesity cost health care large amounts of money and is a health concern (Berkrot & Yukhananov, 2012). The abstract â€Å"Annual medical spending attributable to obesity† connects the unquestionable connection between growing rates of obesity and escalating medical spending. The liability of obesity has escalated to almost ten percent of all medical spending and could amount to $ 147 billion in 2008 these are the overall estimates that the authors found (Finkelstein, Trogdon, Cohen & Dietz, 2009). As a result, the article will be useful to support the points that decreasing obesity will decre ase health care costs. Obesity rates have continued to escalate despite all aspects of government’s efforts including state, national and local. This is a concern to the American public and also to the health care industry. The medical charges increased by 37 percent from 1998 to estimated 2006 numbers. The rising number of Americans with obesity is influencing the increases in total medical costs. Amplified costs is evidenced by prescription drug benefits from Medicare, that show Medicare overweight recipients spend $600 per year more than non obese Medicare recipients. The authors estimate that the occurrence of obesity being on the rise is to blame for the greater than before health care costs from 1998 to 2006 (Finkelstein, Trogdon, Cohen & Dietz, 2009). These numbers show again that reduction in obesity rates will decrease all medical costs including the $600 Medicare costs. Methods and Study data points are used for research in this article. This article goes over the methods used in the research. The methods used are a four part equation regression approach to predict the total medical spending. This is part of the modifications to allow stratifications to be more detailed , by separate spending from inpatient to outpatient settings, prescription costs of drugs, each service then was able to conclude and predict total spending (Finkelstein, Trogdon, Cohen & Dietz, 2009). The methods include accounting for Body Mass Index (BMI), BMI greater than 30 was used. Regressions for characteristics included control of ethnicity/race, age, income, smoking status, marital status, and insurance variables. Running separate models for each payer. Each type of service calculated from total predicted spending for obese patient had they be calculated to normal weight using bootstrap method. Also using obesity prevalence increase by computing the difference in these from 2006 back to 1998, shows hypothetical obesity costs and attributable to 2006 (Finkelstein, Trogdon, Cohen & Dietz, 2009). All this shows us that decreasing obesisty will decrease the cost of health care. Results of the first exhibit show obese persons had medical increase spending that was 42 percent larger ($1429/per person) then non obese persons. Results of the second exhibit that show costs estimates by payer show Medicaid increase of forty-seven percent, private insurance increased by fifty-eight percent and Medicare costs increased by 36 percent. Exhibit three type of service shows prescription drug increase from sixty percent to eighty-one percent, Inpatient increase from 4 percent to ninety percent and outpatient increase from fourteen percent to forty percent. Exhibit four shows medical spending attributable to cumulative obesity shows increases on all spending , this show that if obesity would have remained the same prevalence from 1998 we would have shown 47 billion spent in 2006 instead of 86 billion. These results imply that the eighty-nine percent of the spending was accounted by the obesity numbers rising (Finkelstein, Trogdon, Cohen & Dietz, 2009). This is a significant amount of money in all the exhibits. The authors provide evidence and statistics that support the argument that obesity increases the cost of health care and that reduction in obesity will in turn decrease the cost of health care. The article provides results and also explains the new evidence of the important role of prescription drug spending, in increasing the costs of obesity. The main message of this article obesity will continue to inflict major expenses on the health system for the upcoming years, without a solid and persistent decline in obesity prevalence. Although pharmaceutical, medical, and surgical interventions to treat obesity are available, these treatments remain rare.. Pharmaceutical is one of the three types of interventions we use to treat obesity. Pharmaceutical treatments are remaining rare in treating obesity. If not for obesity, total obesity costs would be much more reduced, along with the cost for other conditions caused by excess weight in our population (Finkelstein, Trogdon, Cohen & Dietz, 2009). This article discusses it limitations. A limitation of this source is that, though the page has credibility the authors do cite the limitations of this analysis being that the dependence of height and weight being reported is done by individuals. And the regressions of sample from 1998 is only half that of 2006 sample. This approach does not allow for precise diseases or behaviors connected with obese individuals (Finkelstein, Trogdon, Cohen & Dietz, 2009) Workers all over the world are experiencing cost increases to health care because of obesity. Employers estimated costs of health care decrease with decrease in weight (CDC, 2011). Total obesity costs would be much more reduced, along with the cost all chronic diseases and conditions caused by excess weight in our population (Finkelstein, Trogdon, Cohen & Dietz, 2009). The newest FDA approved diet pills benefit us by decreasing obesity for the American population that takes this medication. American obesity has been evidenced by studies that show a measurable weight loss. The new approved diet pills Qysimia and Belviq will decrease chronic diseases associated with obesity as evidenced by decreased chronic illnesses being present in lower weighted Americans (even a few pounds changes many chronic illnesses assosciated with obesity. Decreasing obesity will decrease health care costs as evidenced by costs decreasing by $1429 per person less on non obese patients (Finkelstein, Trogdon, Cohen & Dietz, 2009). Research data given in above essay suggests that the newest FDA approved diet pills will benefit Americans by decreasing obesity, decreasing chronic diseases associated with obesity and decreasing health care costs. The thesis has been proven to be correct, with the above information. Research showed that the newest FDA approved diet pills does benefit Americans by decreasing obesity, decreasing chronic diseases associated with obesity and decreasing health care costs. References Berkrot, B., & Yukhananov, H. (2012). Fda oks first obesity drug in 13 years. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/27/us-arena-obesity-idUSBRE85Q1AA20120627 CDC. (2011, October 06). Cdc. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/leanworks/costcalculator/index.html CDC. (2012, August 13). Cdc. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html Combs, S. (2011). Retrieved from website: http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/obesitycost/pdf/GainingCostsLosingTime.pdf FDA. (2012). Retrieved from website: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/UCM312391.pdf Finkelstein, E., Trogdon, J., Cohen, J., & Dietz, W. (2009). Annual medical spending attributable to obesity: Payer-and service-specific estimates. Retrieved from http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/28/5/w822.full.pdf html Hammond, R. A. (2012). Obesity, prevention, and healthcare costs. Retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2012/05/04-health-care-hammond Ogden, C. L., Carroll , M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2012). Retrieved from National Center for Health Statistics for Health S website: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db82.pdf Park, A. (2012, June 28).

African American History Report

African American History Report Free Online Research Papers African Americans overcame the days of slavery because of the all struggles they went through. Which parts of the African American History matters the most? When exploring African American history, the most important things to focus on are that because of the times, black people were enslaved and treated poorly. They endured it all and worked hard to rise above the boundaries of slavery and prejudice. However, the most portentous aspect of African-American history is that it’s heritage; its history; and it are over. Now an African American has become the President of the United States of America. (African American History). During the slavery years, African people were subjected to some of the worst treatments of the history of this planet. They were forced to work for white people as slaves, but that is nothing compared with the treatment they received. Slaves were beaten, mal-nourished, and disrespected as a whole. Slaves were considered as low as the lowest forms of life. They were treated less than some forms of life. They were treated as property that was disposable and replaceable. (To Be A Slave). Slavery was a major issue in the 19th century. African Americans over came so many trials and tribulations during the 1960s. The African Americans encountered a widespread of social and professional discrimination. Their unrest demanded activism, many African American artists created imagery intended for black audiences. Black expressionism was born out of the Civil Rights Movement. The artworks it engendered – primarily brightly colored figurative compositions were expressive, rich in palette, and politically charged. Expressionists explored a wide range of subjects and techniques, all seeking to portray black pride and identity. (WPA). The process of ending slavery was the subject of intense debate in the United States during the first part of the 19th century was a big issue for the African Americans. Slavery was abolished throughout the United States with the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865. An estimated four million slaves were freed.Today, African Americans constitute 13.3 percent of the total U.S. population, the second largest ethnic group after Hispanics. Even after the end of slavery, however, American blacks were generally hampered by segregation and inferior education, despite the establishment of some institutions dedicated to their advancement. In the late twentieth century, the struggle by black artists to create an African American cultural identity evolved into a desire for recognition of their creative achievements as artists, regardless of their race. Over the course of the century, the production of images that focus on African American life, its history in th e United States, and its African heritage cultivated a unique artistic character and helped to overcome social injustice. We hope that this exhibition reveals the beauty of African American art, an art that defies categorization (Langston Hughes). African Americans have contributed a great deal too the American culture. There are so many famous African Americans and so many accomplishments by them such as: Jan Ernst Matzeliger invented a shoemaking machine that increased shoemaking speed by 900%.Lewis Latimer invented an important part of the light bulb- the carbon filament, Granville T. Woods invented a train-to-station communication system, George Washington Carver invented peanut butter and 400 plant products! Garrett Morgan invented the gas mask. Otis Boykin invented the electronic control devices for guided missiles, IBM computers, and the pacemaker. Dr. Patricia. E. Bath (1949–) invented a method of eye surgery that has helped many blind people to see. Imagine yourself in the shoes of these inventors. Think about being in a situation where you are the first person to break into a job where no one else like you has ever worked. Imagine how hard you would have to work to prove yourself especially being an Af rican American. (Mary Bellis). Dr.Martin Luther King, Jr. whom was very important African American minister, clergyman, activist and prominent leader in the American civil rights movement. His lectures and dialogues stirred the concern and sparked the conscience of a generation. The movements and marches he led brought significant changes in the fabric of American life through his courage and self devotion. This devotion gave direction to the thirteen years of civil rights activities. His charismatic leadership inspired men and women, young and old, in this nation and around the world . Dr.Martin Luther King Jr. was a civil Rights leader who was well known for his famous speech â€Å"Free at Last† and who now has his own national holiday that we all celebrate (The King Center). Barack Obama an African American who became the 44th president of the United States and the first African-American President in U.S. history. After working at Business International Corporation (A company that provided international business information to corporate clients) and NYPIRG, Obama moved to Chicago in 1985. There, he worked as a community organizer with low-income residents in Chicago’s Roseland community and the Altgeld Gardens public housing development on the city’s South Side. During these years, Obama worked with both Democrats and Republicans in drafting legislation on ethics, expanded health care services and early childhood education programs for the poor. He also created a state earned-income tax credit for the working poor. And after a number of inmates on death row were found innocent, Obama worked with law enforcement officials to require the videotaping of interrogations and confessions in all capital cases. (History Channel). In the November 2004 general election, Obama received 70% of the vote to Keyess 27%, the largest electoral victory in Illinois history. Obama became only the third African- American elected to the U.S. Senate since Reconstruction. In February 2007, Obama made headlines when he announced his candidacy for the 2008 Democratic Presidential nomination. He was locked in a tight battle with former first lady and current U.S. Senator from New York, Hillary Rodham Clinton until he became the presumptive nominee on June 3, 2008. On November 4th, 2008, Obama defeated Republican president nominee John McCain for the position of U.S. President. He is now the 44th president of The United States. Oprah Winfery who launched the Oprah Winfrey Show in 1986 as a nationally syndicated program with its placement on 120 channels and an audience of 10. million people, the show grossed $125 million by the end of its first year, of which Winfrey received $30 million. She soon gained ownership of the program from ABC, drawing it under the control of her new production company, Harpo Productions (‘Oprah’ spelled backwards) and making more and more money from syndication. Resulting in becoming the richest African American women in the world. (AAH). Rosa Parks as the mother of the Civil Rights Movement. Her refusal to surrender her seat to a white passenger on a Montgomery, Alabama bus spurred on a city-wide boycott and helped launch nation-wide efforts to end segregation of public facilities. Rosa Parks received many accolades during her lifetime including the Spingarn Medal, the NAACPs highest award. She also received the Martin Luther King Jr. Award. On September 9, 1996 President Bill Clinton awarded Rosa Parks the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor given by the U.S. executive branch. The next year, she was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest award given by the U.S. legislative branch. In 1999, Time magazine named Rosa Parks one of the 20 most influential people of the twentieth century. (History Channel). Malcolm X A Controversial Civil Rights Activists Influential Advocate of Black Nationalism In the four years of the American Civil War, the United States began to redeem itself. African Americans as human beings went through so much in their days from the 250-year-long tragedy of slavery.While some people have proposed the offering of reparations, there is a belief that this will never happen due to the unwillingness of white people to make an effort. The call for reparations seems to have been adjusted to merely a call for an official government apology. Some white people argue against an apology for slavery because they dont feel responsible for the acts. This would justify the call for reparations. At the time this text was originally typed, African Americans have not received reparations or an official government apology for slavery. Some feelings and attitudes toward slavery have changed very little in the past 400 years. Throughout this time frame, white people have continued to collectively hold higher socioeconomic positions than Black people in the United States. (African American Atlas). This position of power and wealth may make the issue of reparations seem almost like an attack because it seems to be Black people trying to take things from white people for something that happened long before these people were born. Black people still suffer from the effects of slavery and some can still see the need for reparati ons, or an official apology for African American slavery. Therefore, the discussion and conflicts may continue for a long time. Other ethnic groups fought for reparations for many years, finally reaching their goal. Perseverance is a part of being black, and while we cannot determine the outcome of all the call for reparations,Or if the issue will be important in the future, we can be assured that our people will not allow the importance of our struggles to be forgotten. (American Atlas). As anyone can see, the preceding people faced suffering at the hands of others. Slavery was wrong. Yet, each person persevered and won his or her own battles one way or another. It took years and a lot of work. Being a part of history should be respected as just so. These people should be remembered and studied, but not necessarily glorified. Some slaves earned freedom by hard work; yet others took different approaches that weren’t always admirable. In addition, the people of today’s generation should not be blamed for what happened in the past, which is beyond our control. (African American History). America is made up of different languages and cultures, and though we are different in heritage we need to unite as a country. Nothing can be done to repair the wrongs of slavery. No matter how much time goes by, slavery will always be a ghost in Americas past, spooking anyone who looks back. Now America needs to look forward to a tomorrow where slavery doesnt exist, where blacks and whites are equal, and where racism isnt a factor. We need to make that happen. I believe reparations to be ones in a new generation of Americans. Perhaps the most America can do for its people is to apologize for slavery, promise it will not ever happen again, and then concentrate on working towards a better tomorrow. African Americans overcame many trials and tribulations during the 19th century. In conclusion, many people doubted African Americans but we have come a long way today in the 21st century. We’ve come from being slaves; someone owning us, to President of the United States. This proves that we are all equal no matter what your race or religion is. It also proves you can be anything in the world if you really want. If you set your mind to something you really want to do you can do it. References â€Å"African American History: Heritage, not Hate.† 123 HelpMe.com13 Mar 2009 Encyclopedia: Lincoln, Abraham. (2004). The History Channel website. Retrieved 19:13, May 9, 2006, from historychannel.com/thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=214843. â€Å"To Be A Slave.† 123HelpMe.com. 13 Mar 2009 The African-American atlas: Black history and culture / Molefi K. Asante and Mark Mattson. New York: Macmillan, 1998. Reference E185.A79 1998 [Chapter 2: The Transatlantic Journey. African American History, Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2008 http://encarta.msn.com  © 1997-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved Research Papers on African American History Report19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHip-Hop is ArtBringing Democracy to AfricaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationCapital PunishmentComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoWhere Wild and West MeetPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

How to Correctly Use German Adverb Auch

How to Correctly Use German Adverb Auch Sometimes the littlest words can have a big meaning. Take the German adverb auch. In its simplest form, this word means also. But it also (get it?) holds greater significance.   Auch can mean even. It can also be a modal particle and imply anything from I hope to Youre sure. Heres a closer look at the power behind this common, little adverb.   When Auch Is Accentuated This type of auch relates to the subject of the sentence and will usually be in front of a verbal group. Its meaning is also. For example:   Mein Sohn will jetzt auch Klavier studieren. My son now also wants to study piano. Meine Oma isst gerne Bockwurst und auch Bratwurst.My grandmother likes to eat Bockwurst and Bratwurst, as well. When Auch Is Not Accentuated This type of  auch bears directly upon the elements of phrase that follow it. It usually means even. For example:   Auch fà ¼r einen fleißigen Schà ¼ler, war dies eine große Hausaufgabe.Even for a hard working student, this was a lot of homework. ï » ¿Ihr kann auch kein Arzt helfen.Not even a doctor can help her. Take note that in the above sentences, the unaccented auch draws attention toward an accented word: fleißigen or Arzt, respectively. Auch Can Express Mood An unaccented auch can also be used to indicate the mood of the speaker. In such cases, you will find  auch to help underline the speaker’s irritation or reassurance. For example:   Du kannst auch nie still sein!You can never be still, can you? Hast du deine Brieftasche auch nicht vergessen?I hope you didn’t forget your wallet. Context Is Everything Consider the following two dialogues and the meaning implied by the context. Sprecher 1: Die Freunde deines Sohnes kà ¶nnen gut schwimmen.  / Your son’s friends can swim really well. Sprecher 2: Mein Sohn ist auch ein guter Schwimmer.  / My son is also a good swimmer.Sprecher 1: Mein Sohn treibt gerne Basketball und Fußball. Er ist auch ein guter Schwimmer.  / My son loves playing basketball and soccer. He is also a good swimmer. Sprecher 2: Ihr Sohn ist sehr sportlich. / Your son is very athletic. As you can see, in both dialogues, the phrases with auch are practically the same, yet a different meaning is implied. Tone and context mean everything. In the first case, auch is accented and serves the subject of the sentence:  Sohn. In the second case, auch is unaccented and the emphasis is in on guter Schwimmer, implying that the son is, among other things, also good at swimming.

Purpose of Criminal Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Purpose of Criminal Laws - Essay Example For example, a child that fails to clean their room would receive â€Å"punishment† in the form of extra chores or loss of other things they normally enjoy. For criminal law, it is no different, except that the consequences of their actions involve a loss of privilege on a greater scale, such as by imprisonment or fines (Banks, 2009). Again, if there were no punishments, there would be no reason not to commit crimes; therefore, some type of consequences must be handed out. Criminal laws seek to set consequences for and punish those that have carried out a crime by means of deterrence, as well as incapacitation, incarceration, restitution, and retribution. People are â€Å"deterred† from actions when they refrain from carrying them out because they fear or do not want the consequences that come with the action (Banks, 2009). Criminal laws aids in this because they not only define what the laws are that cannot be broken but also set out the punishment that each law brings with it. In a state with a death penalty, for example, if someone does not wish to be punished by death, they will not commit a crime that leads them down that path. Thus, the criminal laws have done their job both in setting out the action and the punishment for it, because it has kept people from committing crimes due to the consequences imposed. Though some question the validity of deterrence and call for stiffer penalties in certain laws (Banks, 2009), the fact remains that deterrence is a reason that criminal laws exist. Another reason that criminal laws exist is retribution. Simply put, retribution means that whoever has gone against the laws of society deserves to be punished, and it will bring a measure of peace, if not pleasure, to those that were wronged to see punishment happen. Systems of retribution for crime have long existed, with the best known being the Biblical proverb of â€Å"an eye for an eye† (Banks, 2009). While retribution is known to be confused with revenge, it has been pointed out in law and in argument that the difference between the two is very defined: retribution involves limits set according to the seriousness of the wrongs done to society, whereas there is no limit to revenge (Banks, 2009). Take again the case of the criminal who chooses to murder and take a life in a state that has the death penalty. If convicted, they will pay with their own life through execution. One cannot argue that this is, in fact, an example of â€Å"an eye for an eye† logic in punishing someone who has done wrong. Criminal laws also exist to provide incapacitation and incarceration measures for those that choose to go against the laws of society. Incapacitation is a theory of â€Å"incarceration†, arguing that some criminals need to be separated from society not only for what they might have done but also to protect those who have not done wrong from this individual. It is seen as a good punishment for those that commit crimes be cause while they are incapacitated, or incarcerated

Swift's Gulliver's Travels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Swift's Gulliver's Travels - Essay Example he most powerful nation in the world at that time was held a prisoner by only 6inches tall Lilliputians by which Swift aims to explain why English people should consider the pride of their own country and reassess if the colonies controlled by them could get powerful enough one day to overthrow the English kingdom. At the time Gulliver’s Travels was written, search for new lands to control thrived in England and in this process the English people used to come across many new civilizations, an example of which is given in the travels by Swift in the form of Lilliputians. This voyage to Lilliput can also be seen as a conflict between opposing ideas and characters through which Swift wants to explain the obstacles experienced by the English at that time when meeting new people in their lands. According to another idea, â€Å"the effect of reducing the scale of life in Lilliput is to strip human affairs of their self-imposed grandeur† (Eddy, cited in Galloway, 1994). In contrast to Lilliput, everything about Brobdingnag appears to be gigantic and much more powerful than Gulliver himself. He realizes that even the grass is about 20ft tall there and each step taken by the giants who live there is about 10yards long in contrast to Lilliputians. Overcome by despair and fright, he begins to think of himself as a Lilliputian would if surrounded by normal humans. There too, Gulliver is taken to the court where he is bought by the queen. Later he shares his views about English politics with the king which appear humorous to him and make him remark that English people are well below the Brobdingnagians in context of wisdom and power. The king dismisses the English people as members of a low society through which Swift aims to explain the general ignorance of other nations in the world at that time which refused to embrace modernity. The trip to this island called Brobdingnag helps Gulliver to meet very big people after meeting very small people in Lillip ut. This stark change