Furniture designing business - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5751 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Furniture designing business has a very huge scope and enjoys the strong demand from its buyers as people buy new homes and expand their businesses or renovate their old homes and offices. They always need the service of furniture designer to architect their homes and offices. Furniture designing business has rapidly increased in a last two decades due to the boom in economic activities and development. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Furniture designing business" essay for you Create order People have now more awareness about the furniture designers and they are hiring their services in designing of their business or and houses. According to the home magazine, 46 percent of UKs people plan to renovate their houses in next five years which is more than the previous five years when only 35 percent renovate their houses. In the interior design business unlike other businesses typically you dont work whole day at offices whole day otherwise you mostly go-out of your offices in order to provide the services to the clients. Most of the sales activities are done at the customers home or offices and almost all the negotiation are done there. Interior Designer or Decorator? The American Society of Interior Designers defines interior designer is one who serves people in designing their homes or offices and professionally trained to provide people quality interior environment. Interior designer is qualified through some professional education from any institute, with their experience, research and examination. A furniture designer changes the living style of people via creativity and innovation in their physical environment. Furniture designer makes people life more comfortable, healthy and safe. There are so many people who are not having any formal education of the furniture designing or experience but still call themselves as interior designer. An interior designer should have a professional degree and should be trained in some states and should pass the subject administered by the National council for interior design Qualification. Then that person can be titled as Interior Designer. If any person who works on the interior design without having any professional qualification and training would call himself as a Decorator instead of the Furniture or Interior Designer If you do not have the qualifications and education, you can still work on the interior design business but you would call yourself as a Decorator instead. Types of Interior Designers There are types of interior designer because interior designing is multi facet-business. A person can either work as a production driven designer or can work as a furniture design consultant. The product driven designer work is more complex than the design consultant because he has to do lots of conceptualizing work of look of the given space with the creativity of mind. Variety of products can be used to fill the given space. A fresh designer has to do the similar kind of task. Mostly these kinds of designers produce different types of products and give their clients a free design advice as if required by the customers. Most of the designer gives the advice service regarding the design of the products free of cost up to some hours when time is exceeded beyond that limit thy charged for per hour fee. A product driven designer also gives the advice to their clients even if customers do not want to buy from them but they charged higher fees from those customers. The major portion of the income of the product driven designers consist on the product sales income. Furniture design consultants dont deal in the sale of the product, they just gives the advice and solve the problem of the customers with their ideas. They charged their fee on the hourly basis. They design the furniture and help their customers in arranging and decorative activities. They make the lives of the customer more pleasant with their innovative and creative ideas. A person who has worked for many years in the design business and has a good reputation people prefer to hire those persons as a consultant design. This type of designers should have long list of references and contacts. In this type, furniture consultant designer sell their ideas and expertise then selling the product. They guide the customers regarding the design of the furniture for rooms and offices. REPRESENTATION OF FINDINGS AND SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS (SOME EXAMPLES) This chapter is going to analyse the collected and observed data. I tried to touch all aspects that gave clear explanation about how can furniture designer establish its business in an open United Kingdom market. Today Furniture designing companies do a lot of changes in people life that is comfortable, improvements in standard of living by making it more stylish and beautiful. Customers awareness about Furniture designing Company is very significant thing for establishment of company recognition, and must be taken into concern rather than suggesting consumers promises and nonsense. All Furniture designing companies try to work hard to get new innovations for increasing their brand name in the market. Establishment of furniture designing business recognition is also involves the process of developments, like the new services, new ways of doing advertisement, new ways of getting the customers new design of the furniture products. But even if these processes are look as if they are simple, in the sense that good marketer always have good ideas, but such steps forward do not just happen without hard work and complexities on the way of the achievements. Such processes and actions require skills of the company as a whole, to evaluate, assess, and incorporate new ideas. Analysing found data, there are several ideas that author thinks are most important ones and should be pointed out, and these are following: The companys services and features are the key to the designing business, and behind them there have to be enough strong foundation, that will not disappoint the customer. The furniture designers should provide services and furniture products that really will satisfy the customer needs. The identity of the Furniture designing company is the identity of its brand name, and depending on how clear this identity is, will guide the development and execution of the company and the brand. To have good name and respect is the most significant issue for every company including furniture designing businesses. The furniture designers must establish and have their own personality and individuality. Every customer expects new innovations and satisfactions from the furniture products they regularly use. The establishment of the business and the development of its services and products should be realized by the companys team, and should be private as well as all key aspects and strategies should be confidential. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS While writing this thesis author has found out a lot of interesting and significant aspects about Furniture designing. It is a specific field and of course requires high professional skilled management to develop the business and get goals in the market. The studying about Furniture Designing is very global and dynamic issue that started in the beginning of the 18th century. It took a lot of decades before Furniture designing industry could obtain todays achievements and results between the strong spheres in the business and manufacture world. For the last decade in furniture designing business one of the key roles has played IT. With the developing of IT and Internet a lot of changes have taken place in the furniture design market. Certainly they had good as well as unpleasant aspects for furniture companies that are illustrated in Chapter 2. Author wants to note that especially low cost businesses could build up strong business by using internet services. The furniture companies like hunts and Ryanair began their business right through internet and today both of them are the key competitors for the mature furniture design business. As it is noted from the studying furniture designing companies can be divided on two parts: successful and unsuccessful. |Successful furniture designing companies will be those that anticipate the change and are ready for it when it occurs. Unsuccessful furniture designing companies will tend to be those that wait for change to happen and then desperately try to catch up. Future of Furniture designing business in United Kingdom According to Williams (2002) furniture designing industry will continue to grow, though rates of growth will be uneven both through time and geographically. Air freight will grow more quickly than the passenger business, and its growth will be focused in the high-yielding small shipment segment (unlike in the passenger business where the lower yielding leisure segment will grow faster than higher yielding business air travel). This will mean that it will become even more important that airlines get the profit potential of air freight to the full. Williams (2002) also argued that in terms of the needs of their customers, furniture designing companies will again have to accept that changes will arise. Established demographic trends will continue, with in particular furniture designing affected by the general ageing of the population, the growing importance of women in business travel and the changing taste of the customers . People will also continue, on average, to be taller and heavier, and will place a still greater quality on cabin comfort. Their needs and expectations will also change. Business men in particular will be more and more attracted by furniture designers which can provide them with high quality non-stop services and which will give them durable, economical and high quality of furniture for their business. It will easier to gain the competitive advantage for those companies who will adapt their selves to the new creative and innovative design. The cost will and quality will be the real key for the success. Deregulation will also continue, backed in the future by growing intervention by governments to ensure that the enhanced competition which normally follows the removal of pricing and entry controls remains a permanent rather than merely a transient feature. This will in turn require furniture designing organizations to be lean and flexible and to be able to make decision quickly. Those that cannot will be seriously handicapped. In the future, it is likely that the world political scene will be even more unstable than today. This will mean that the furniture designing industry will continue to be affected by the periods of low demand caused by war, riots, and other disturbances. With economic aspects, furniture designing industry will always be affected by the trade cycle. In buoyant times, business will fare relatively well financially, but downswing periods in the cycle will be difficult. Well established furniture designing organizations will be those that use the more prosperous to prepare for periods when growth slows or stops After all said it is becoming clear that in future, successful and well established furniture companies will be those which select a clear strategy and stick with it, changing the way in which they apply the strategy rather than the basic principles associated with it. Recommendations I want to summarize this thesis with a number of recommendations that in my opinion will be indeed important for furniture design companies to be successful and have a brighter future in the market: Furniture designers have to identify their most important customers and build warm and long-term relationship with them. Because it is difficult to serve all the customers excellent services for any new business. So, business needs to define its target market and focus on it. Furniture designers have to offer new services and product features which can be innovative for the customers. Customers always need the change so be innovative always is vital for the furniture designers especially for the new entrants. Furniture designers should often organize different training classes and workshops to develop the skill and experience of the staff. Furniture design companies should focus on corporate social responsibility and public relations to create recognition and awareness among customers. Corporate social responsibility is a vital issue for every organization so should be given proper concentration. Consumers are the most important part of any business. The customers who are highly satisfied with the company recommend the company to other customers. These customers are highly profitable customers. Furniture designing Companies should cultivate opinion leaders from these customers in order to establish a word of mouth communications among customers. Opinion Leaders are unpaid sales force of the business Creating Recognition is all about creating awareness among the consumers. In order to create awareness among people we need to know the media habits of people. A proper structured research should be conducted to know the media habits of target audience. Role of IT can not be ignored at this time of world business; Most of the organizations have become successful by adopting information technology. It can help organizations to gain competitive advantage. As United Kingdom furniture market is more competitive than other countries like no barriers to new entry so, every new Furniture designing company should provide its products at economical prices, should give more attention towards quality of products and timely delivery. From the above studying it is clear to understand that Furniture designing business like all others builds on customer trust and respect so strong Furniture designing Company with a bright future can be constructed by offering unique, creative, innovative designs of furniture products along with their quality and durability to achieve customers satisfaction Research Instruments The research will be rather explanatory and descriptive than analytical and exploratory and it will be a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods. According to Hakim C., (2000), quantitative research is mainly concerned with numbers and data easily quantified. In this research surveys, Phone, emails and most probably Personal Interviews with professionals related to airlines companies and industry attractiveness will be held and analysed in the process of research, as in-depth interviews are useful when examining a specific subject in depth. Its proposed to study maximum of available data from all official sources, such as publications and official web sites. The survey will aim to understand actual and future outlook of Furniture designing business to satisfy their customers. Research Aims and Objectives All above studying shows that furniture designing industry is very huge and wide aspect and this report is going to discuss the authors main question, which is titled as: How Furniture Designers can set up their own business? Everybody chooses his own area where he will be able to build good career and get high goals and the Furniture designing industry has always been the most interesting field for author. The following three areas will be discussed to find out the answer on the main question: What strategies should be selected by furniture designing companys management to fit its business in United Kingdoms competitive environment to get high achievements in open furniture designing market? Selection and identification of the customers need, selection of the market to operate and selection of the marketing channels. The role of Information Technology in todays business and how has information technology influenced the Furniture designing business The following list will include all discussed chapters of this thesis: Chapter One, reviews the general understanding about Furniture designing companies, with a brief excursion into history of furniture industry, the paper also analyse the brand importance in the market and between the customers, its value for furniture designing companies and make out their evolution and promotion. Chapter Two, goes over the literature review that is used in this thesis. The chapter includes a lot of opinions about sub-questions that help to find out the answers on the key theses question. I have used a lot of annual key reports and different period of time arguments in this chapter. Chapter Three, expresses the methodology that was used in writing of this thesis. The chapter alsodescribes the tools and instruments which were used in the thesis and the objectives that were obtained by author. Finally chapter illustrates the limitations that author met in the period of his work. Chapter Four, describes findings, implications and analysis which author realized after deep and broad studies about his question. Some authors points will be considered in this chapter as well. Chapter Five, summarizes a review of each chapter, I tried to argue all possible recommendations which were prepared in the period of my work. Brand and Environment In this competitive environment of global business, customers are placing increasing importance on brands therefore, it is important for furniture designers to keep its image and brand name in furniture designing industry. Today brand is the most helpful and important aspect in people life. When people buy any service or product, they always try to have their own understanding about the features they will use. Of course, people mostly try to use the product and service they used to be satisfied and that services or products they trust and believe. At the end of the day, the following question arises in this thesis: What does the brand mean and its role in people life? American Marketing Association, (2001), defines a brand as a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors. A brand is thus a product or service that adds dimensions that differentiate it in some way from other products or service designed to satisfy the same need. These differences may be functional, rational, or tangible related top product performance of the brand. They may also be more symbolic emotional or intangible related to what the brand represents. Cheverton (2006) argues if go back 200 or 300 years and branding was something you did to a cow. A brand declared rights of property and ownership, and meant, particularly in a remote Scottish glen, keep your hands off. It is a nice irony that one of the identifying phenomena of the modern world should turn the worlds meaning on its head 21st century brand most determinedly declares get your hands on! According to marketers, brand is the symbolic embodiment of all the information connected with a company, product or service. A brand usually includes a name, logo, and other visual elements such as images, fonts, colour schemes, or symbols. It also includes the set of expectations associated with a product or service which typically arise in the minds of people. It can be such people as employees of the brand owner, people that are involved in the sale or supply of the product or service, and of course consumers. In current days understanding about brands is quite different in nature and intent from those which first emerged in the 19th century is clear, despite the continuity of so many names, from Starbucks to Sony and British Airways to Rolex. All brands and ideas behind them have evolved by learning to match the circumstances of the times. According to Chernatony and Macdonald (2003) when a brand has a well-defined personality, consumers interact with it and develop a relationship, just as people in life do. The nature of a relationship between two people can be inferred by observing their individual attitudes and behaviours. Likewise, as Blackston, (1992) argues, the nature of relationship between consumers and the brand can be determined through the attitudes and behaviours they display towards each other, in particular: How consumers perceive and react to a brand; How the brand behaves and reacts to the consumers. METHODOLOGY This chapter explores the methods which were used to obtain and express the aspect How Furniture Designers can set up their own business? Types of data collected for achieving the aims and objectives of this research work will be discussed as well as research process itself. Afterwards the techniques of analysis will be explained as well as the limitations of the methods used. The research methodology of this dissertation will rely on both secondary and primary data. The figure below will give an idea of the process of research; Primary research is the core source of to-the-point information in order to achieve the objectives of study. Collection of primary data will be gathered by conducting the field research. Secondary research will save out time on things and research that are already done. Academic sources will be the base to provide the theoretical foundation to understand how Furniture designer can start his business. Research papers and academic journals will help to achieve this aim. The secondary research is intended to find out the facts about research done in the past in the related or similar subject. Research Process According to Hussey and Hussey (1997) research process starts with an identification of a certain research problem. As researchers investigate the area in which the problem is embedded in more detail they are able to define a comprehensive research problem/research question which they intend to solve. Next, the way in which the research will be conducted is determined. Following, researchers collect, analyze and interpret the data and compose their results in form of a report, dissertation or thesis. Graig and Douglas (2005) define the international marketing research as research that crosses national borders and involves respondents and researchers from different countries and cultures. As it was noticed above, Furniture designing industry is the authors preferred field where. The research on the topic How Furniture Designers can set up their own business? becomes very hot issue. Data concerning the Furniture designers and the markets in which they operate come from a wide range of sources. Research for this report includes interviews with reputed furniture designers and General Director of Hunts office furniture and also some information was obtained from Furniture-related organizations, government reports of United Kingdom and furniture designing analysts via email. Further, research objectives and questions were discussed with the supervisor and after that the process of main work was begun. Types of Research Hussey and Hussey (1997) define four different types of research: exploratory, descriptive, analytical or predictive. Exploratory research is used when the problem is badly understood and leads to an unstructured problem design. This kind of research helps to increase the familiarity with the researched area. During exploratory research, new findings and information are discovered, so the researcher must be flexible and prepared for possible changes in the research direction. The key requirements for this type of research are ability to observe, find information and be able to explain the findings. Descriptive research is used when the problem is well structured and understood; the task to solve is clear. The researchers should focus on the structure of the research, precise rules and procedures, since the ability to make good measurements is crucial for this type of research. However, they provide two additional research types. Analytical research can be seen as a continuation of de scriptive research as it attempts to explain why a particular situation exists. It tries to identify causal relationships, i.e. A causes B. Predictive research continues from analytical as it attempts to predict future outcomes from a particular situation. This type of research attempts to generalize, and these generalizations will be applicable to similar problems. Each of these four different types of research can be seen as a continuation of the previous one: For each type of research an extensive literature review is necessary. Reading as much of the published material on the subject area as possible is one way to get the best outcome from the literature review. At first, researchers need to review all references that are available. Those include textbooks, academic papers, professional magazines, newspapers and internet sources. The emphasis should be obviously placed on the most recent material. However, as the research goes further the main focus should be given on papers and articles published in academically reviewed journals, as those are more likely to provide a scientific point of view. Furthermore official documents, reports and statements published by companies and institutions offer a valuable set of secondary data (Remenyi et al. 1998). It is important to mention that the sources should be critically evaluated and not just accepted without a closer look at them. In order to review the literature adequately it is essential that the researchers examine the published work critically; not all that is published should be taken as face value for (Remenyi et al, 1998). Once the literature and other available secondary resources have been fully and seriously reviewed the researchers should be able to present a detailed description of the field that was studied. In relation to different research types, exploratory and descriptive researches are applied in this thesis. The research problem is well structured and the area of strategic management is well understood in the academic world by managers as well as by author. Further, the research purpose is clear to continue the work. The author tries to stay focused and organized in conducting the research and provide a logic structure with this written thesis. Type of DATA One can make a distinction about the type of data collected. It can either be qualitative or quantitative. The former describes data which is nominal and the latter, numerical data. Another distinction can be made between secondary and primary data. Quantitative data Quantitative or numerical data research is objective in nature and concentrates on measuring phenomena (Hussey and Hussey 1997). For example, statistical tests can be used to analyse data collected from a questionnaire with closed-end questions. This quantitative approach might present data in tables, charts and graphs, to summarize the data collected in a way that the reader can get an idea of the situation being studied. Different statistical relationships may also be explored in order to try to identify patterns or hypotheses. This type of data research may sound complex due to all the possible statistical tests involved, but one advantage is that it is structured. Qualitative data Qualitative data, is stated as more subjective in nature and involves examining and reflecting on perceptions in order to gain understanding of social and human activities (Hussey and Hussey 1997). This type of data may be gathered from interviews or secondary data sources. However it may be even more difficult to collect and analyse than quantitative data. Secondary data The research is carried out by employing a number of methods to collect information. The first phase of the study gave us information from secondary sources. Information from secondary sources was very useful in many ways. Chisnall regards secondary data as the collection of existing information that may be useful for the purposes of specific surveys.[1] It provided an in-depth view of the issues involved in consumer behaviour, ranging from perception and attitude formation to brand loyalty and dissatisfaction. Furthermore, these sources helped build literature review for the project. The secondary information was helpful in another way that it paved the way for research and gave a direction to the work by clearing and refining ideas. The details of the secondary information is been given later in this chapter. Secondary data are the data that were collected earlier by the person or agencies for the purpose other than solving the problem at hand.[2] The data may be available easily w ithout incurring too much expense. The study source may be academic such as books, academic journals, magazines or non-academic such as web sites, newspapers etc It is important to examine the available secondary data before collecting primary data. Malhotra and Birks points out that collection of the data for research must start with secondary data. Secondary data is always collected before primary data due to its time and cost advantage. Secondary data give in-depth theoretical knowledge which gives the direction of carrying out primary research. The main secondary research sources used are: Newspapers Books Magazines Internet Reports of furniture designing companies Moreover secondary data collected with the purpose to gain the information needed concerning: Literature and articles describing and analyzing the role of advertising in the consumer decision making. Primary data When the collection of secondary data is saturated and no longer adds value to the research process, it is then necessary to collect relevant primary data. Primary data are any data information collected specifically for the purpose of the present study.[3] Primary data is the data collected specifically for the problem at hand. There are various methods of collecting primary data such as interviews; observations etc. Though, collection of primary data is an exhaustive and time consuming task it requires skill and resources but there are numbers of advantages of this data. This can be accomplished by one of the following primary data collection processes: Interviews Surveys Questionnaires Case studies Observation Limitations Unfortunately, there were found some limitations while conducting this research. The first one that has to be mentioned refers to the topic of this paper and its focus on Furniture designer business. As the area of research is very dynamic, the lack of literature and reliable up to date statistics was a real obstacle, while conducting this work. This lack includes the lack of detailed reliable data on key markets, the dearth of data on establishment huge Design industry how consumers choose their designer so that marketers can know how to influence them, the lack of longitudinal research to help in identifying trends in the market, the absence of comprehensive data on cross cultural and national differences in the demand side of air travel and the underdevelopment of economic impacts. Of course, author would like to analyze furniture designing industry broader but because of the above lacks that is not possible. The research methodology of our research area consisted of both qualitat ive as well as quantitative methods and major limitation of qualitative viewpoint is that it cannot totally be objective, as there is always bias present. The limitation of quantitative view is the reliance on honesty and accuracy in responding to questions Data Collection and the type of empirical data we need: The research process will include data about the perceptions of people about the furniture designing Industry. The reason is that according to problem I am measuring how much I would be successful in creating awareness and recognition in the furniture designing industry. In order to get this, I need to know about the preferences, awareness and satisfaction of customers about the designers product and services and industry. For data Collection, I will develop a research questionnaire from all customers and design in depth interviews and focus group for lead user or customers. The main reason for this is, I will get more insights from lead customer because they know almost everything about furniture designing industry. Secondly, these lead customers are also the opinion leaders. For example, I will leave a feedback to our consumers and will allow them to take time to fill these questions. The consumers have to choose between multiple choice questions. In the end, surveys questions and in-depth interviews + focus groups will help us to triangulate our data by using a mixture of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Variables I will measure: The Variables we will take to measure the customer preferences for media and toward the furniture designing industry. I will also measure the level of awareness about the furniture designers services and their required level of satisfaction. Mainly, I will focus on how much the customers are aware of the services the companies offer and their media habits and secondly I will measure their willingness, benefits and preferences they seek about Furniture designing service. Population and Sample Size: I will take samples from two different populations (Normal Customer Vs Lead Customers). In case of lead users, I will conduct 20 to 30 interviews of lead users of furniture products and service all over the UK. Focus group discussions will include 30 to 40 lead users. On the other side, I will take a sample of 100 to 200 normal customers who use the furniture products and services and will conduct questionnaire surveys from them. The Sampling technique will be random sampling in both the above cases. Analysis of data I will use two approaches to analyze data. The Statistical methods as well as understanding from the in depth interviews and focus groups both will be taken for analysis of data. The Validity of the measures will be measured by running correlation and also certain statistical tests such as t test and z test. Ethical Issues: I will obtain the informed consent of the respondents by giving them a general description of the topic. Secondly, there will be a free choice for the respondents to participate in the research questionnaire or not. Thirdly, the personal information of the respondents will be kept confidential and converted in dummy data. Therefore the respondents will be at minimal risk. Limitations: In the interviews, there are a lot of chances of interviewers biasness. This is a limitation I can never ignore in my data collection method. In order to reduce interviewers biasness, I will train my interviewer staff. Second thing I can do about this problem is that Iwill monitor interviews with video recording. This recording of interview will also decrease the biasness of not only interviews but also in the focus group discussions. It is often observed that while filling research questionnaires, the people usually have short time and boredom feeling. Most of the people just flip a coin about choices while answering a question. In order to overcome this problem, I will offer some gifts and incentives to the customers who will participate in the research questionnaires.

Case Study on Rape Victims Essay - 3962 Words

Case Study on Rape Victims Introduction Concerning philosophies of morality, rape is no doubt abhorred. However, what is debatable is whether or not it is one’s duty to ensure that a rape is reported. In a particular case, one hotline operator finds herself in a dilemma that challenges her duties as a licensed social worker, with the obligation of ensuring that victims report their rape. As a part of the twenty-four-hour hotline staff at a local rape crisis center, the duty of the hotline operator is to provide the support and counseling necessary to protect the victim’s identity. As a part of the advocacy services the hotline provides, the crisis center is dedicated to aiding victims both in reporting their crimes, and in the†¦show more content†¦The case of the hotline operator represents an important conflict that occurs regularly between individual values and societal values. At first glance, one could argue that John Stuart Mills would support the utilitarian approach to such a situation and be in favor of ensuring that victims report their crimes in order to value the benefit of society as whole. However, such superficial examinations fail to take in all the underlying issues related to rape cases. These are the issues that create a dilemma for the victim in deciding whether or not it would be beneficial to report her rape. For the purpose of this discussion, it is necessary to look not only at basic ethical theories of philosophers and the NASW Code of Ethics for social workers, but also it is of the utmost importance to consider specific characteristics of rape and the underlying issue of female oppression as having a negative effect on rape victims. This essay is also intending to prove that it would be the hotline operators’ obligation to her trusting relationship with the caller that supersedes a duty she feels towards justice in society. 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The topic of sexual assault is debatable and sparks many opinions on weather sexual assault on college campuses is becoming more frequent, or if there is just heightened awareness. Sexual assault can happen to anybody no matter the gender, race, religion, or age. Recently there have been many studies conducted on sexual violence on college campuses and universities producing ampleRead More The Reality of Rape Essay1651 Words   |  7 Pages Running head: THE REALITY OF RAPE nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Rape is a crime of violence and aggression that not only hurts a victim for the moment, but it shatters her entire life. According to the Britannica Encyclopedia, rape is defined as â€Å"any kind of unlawful sexual activity, usually sexual intercourse, carried out forcibly or under threat of injury and against the will of the victim.† This definition has been redefined to cover same-sex attacks and attacks against those who are incapable

Is media very powerful in its influence Free Essays

The media is everywhere. In your homes, in schools, in the workplace. It is very powerful in its influence. We will write a custom essay sample on Is media very powerful in its influence? or any similar topic only for you Order Now It can change peoples’ lives and affect the way they think. The media is very versatile. It can be used for several purposes, from explaining things to persuading you to give money to charity or vote for a certain political party. In this essay I will compare two different media texts. They are both persuasive leaflets: the first trying to get you to chose to rent a McCarthy Stone retirement apartment, the second is advertising hiking holidays in Ireland. The former of these leaflets came through my letterbox, and is aimed at retired pensioners. The latter, I got from a travel agency. It is aimed at 18-30 year old trekkers. I don’t think one would find these leaflets anywhere else because they are very specific in both their aim and their target audience. A company called McCarthy Stone, who rent out retirement apartments to the retired and elderly, made the first leaflet. Its purpose is a persuasive advert. It has a green, black and white colour scheme, with plain modern font and important information in bold. It is laid out on an A5 sheet that isn’t folded or perforated. It has a picture, a map, and where there is a piece of important information, it is boxed out in red or green. It contains a quote from a customer, in which the lady (Mrs. Griffiths) talks about how cheap it is to heat the apartments: â€Å"It’s very reassuring to know you can keep your home comfortable all the time without the worry of facing a sudden big bill.† There are also contact details, such as an address and a telephone number, and there is a website address on the header at the top. There is a logo underneath the header with the words â€Å"McCarthy Stone† written in a semicircle above a silhouette of two people who look slightly aged. Directly underneath this, there is a slogan that reads: â€Å"The natural choice for a happy retirement.† This could be quite effective because the target audience would be people generally over sixty-five, and stereotypically, older people like to be cosy, maybe more so than younger people. About two fifths of the way down the page, there is a very large sized banner that simply says â€Å"Warm and Cosy†. This would appeal to the target audience for the same reasons as the slogan. The picture at the bottom of this page is very clever in its composition: regardless of where your eye falls, it will instantly be lead around the entire photograph. On top of that, all the furniture in the picture is arranged to make the room look bigger than it is. To enhance this effect, the furniture in the centre of the room is very thin legged and spindly with darker colour, and the furniture around the outside is quite bulky, but brightly coloured. All the colours used in the photograph are quite soft, natural colours suck as browns, yellows and reds. The walls are painted a very neutral beige colour, which allows the viewer to picture how the room would look if they lived there far easier. This photograph could almost be used to sell any kind of accommodation or furniture, yet works particularly well here because it portrays a very tranquil setting. The language is interesting in that it uses both formal and informal language, depending on what the company is trying to say. This could be very effective, but in this case it is poorly edited and sends out a very confused message. It uses quite a lot of persuasive vocabulary, and involves the audience very well, but still insufficiently. It concentrates a lot on a story about an old woman who has one of these homes. In honesty, no reader wants to read about the success this company achieved for another person – at least not to this extent. There are a couple of examples of superlative language, such as â€Å"highest† and â€Å"latest†. One of my favourite pieces of language in this leaflet is an oxymoron that reads: â€Å"It all adds up to costing you less† This short sentence is very clever, because it is just ludicrous enough to get the reader to stop and think about what they are reading. I think this would be quite successful in its aim, largely because its target audience is so limited, and it is easier to appeal to a fifteen-year age range that, for example, a forty-five year age range. The informal language would appeal, stereotypically, to the ‘lower-class’ type person, and the formal would appeal, again stereotypically, to the ‘upper-class’ range. The second leaflet is advertising trekking holidays in Ireland, under the company name ‘Shamrocker’, carrying the slogan: â€Å"World famous adventures for backpackers.† Its purpose is to advertise. The layout is quite different from the first leaflet; it is much less structured (i.e. it doesn’t look at first glance as if it has been aligned to a grid) whereas the first leaflet looks very square. However the colour scheme is similar, including lots of green and dark blue (like the black on the first leaflet). It is presented on double-sided A4 thick paper, which like the first leaflet is unfolded and imperforated. There are many images, including CGIs, maps and photographs. The font of the writing varies quite severely – there are seventeen different styles of writing in total. There are segments of writing enclosed in boxes to highlight information that the company wants you to see first. There are, like the first leaflet but more detailed, contact details, including email, telephone number, website and company address. There are about three photographs on this leaflet, but they are all quite small. However, they are clear enough, and all have a similar theme – a group of people looking happy, either in front of a rock or an Irish road sign. On the front, the top quarter of the page is taken up by the words â€Å"The Shamrocker Ireland: Live the legend†. Underneath this, there is a photograph of a man in front of what appears to be a large grave headstone. The back is mostly blocks of writing, laid out in blocks under headings such as â€Å"Our Mission†, and then descriptions of different holidays the company offers. The lower eighth is the small print. The language used is very informal, persuasive and superlative, but it is in my opinion slightly boring. It involves the audience well, but there isn’t much to say for this leaflet when it comes to language. This leaflet would be very successful towards its target audience (which is stated in the small print, and is â€Å"17 – 35 year olds†) but wouldn’t get much interest for younger or older people because as they are trekking holidays, people over this age group may be physically unable to participate, and people under this age range may not be interested in walking for six days, just for the sake of walking, with no ‘prize’ or incentive. The informal style would appeal to the target audience. In this essay, I have compared two different leaflets, both advertising. They both would, in theory, be very effective at achieving their goals. I believe that the companies chose the leaflet as their selected form of media because it can reach many people; they are cheap to produce in mass and are effective at getting their message across. How to cite Is media very powerful in its influence?, Papers

Clinica Romero Essay Example For Students

Clinica Romero Essay Named after the martyred Salvadoran archbishop and dedicated to the people thathe also served, Clinica Romero is a free clinic offering no-questions-asked,pay-whatever-you-can medical and dental services and prescriptions to everyonewho comes to its door. The clean and bright facility is located in the basementof the Royal University of Americas Oriental Medical Center, Straightforward inits operation, Clinica Romero originally offered all its medical servicesthrough volunteer physicians, although access to some grant money recently hasmade it possible to hire a half-time physician, and Margaret Martinez is workingon a creative plan to pay part of the salary of a supervisor from the Universityof Southern California Medical School, who would work on the clinics site tooversee a cadre of interns and medical residents whod help provide medicalservices there. Meanwhile, however, it efficiently delivers medical services sixdays a week (including two evening sessions) with a group of about 15 localphysicians who volunteer their services on a rotating basis. In a series ofrelated programs driven by project-specific funding, Clinica Romero alsoprovides health education (particularly AIDS/HIV), and an alcohol anddrug-prevention program that includes a community-organizing component aimed atensuring that the neighborhoods 456 (!) liquor stores and bars dont flout thelaws regarding loitering and sales to minors. With a staff of 23 and a $1million annual budget, Clinica Romero faces a rising tide of patients, with thenumbers served increasing from 3,500 three years ago to an expected 11,000 thisyear. With welfare reform denying Medicaid to many legal immigrants,these numbers arent likely to decrease. Health Care

Warriors Dont Cry

Table of Contents Introduction Evaluation Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Warriors Don’t Cry, Written by Melba Patillo Beals is a masterpiece addressing the challenges that faced integration of black students in classes dominated by white students. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Warriors Don’t Cry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Melba was among the first black students to be integrated in Central High School (CHS). Before Melba could join a high school, there is a court ruling illegalizing segregation in schools where blacks and whites attend separate schools. However, sending Melba to Central High School was tantamount to child abuse because the danger she was being exposed to was evident; it is lucky that she was not killed. As this paper explicates, Melba was exposed to grave danger and this negates the need to take her to that school in the first place. Evaluation As aforeme ntioned, the danger exposed to Melba by sending her to Central High School is evident. After the court ruling illegalizing segregation in schools, a white who has been angered by the decision tries to rape Melba; if it were not for Marissa, who attacks the white man, Melba would have gone through this beastly sexual assault. This is the first foretell sign that Melba was in trouble. Threats are all over and it is clear that the much-waited integration would not be welcome amongst the whites. The numerous numbers of lawsuits that different whites file before the opening of school echo this impeding danger. These lawsuits are meant to intimidate the nine students set to join Central High School. Melba’s custodians could have taken the warnings and keep Melba at home. However; India, her grandmother does not to relent, she says, â€Å"God’s warriors don’t cry, ‘cause they trust that He’s always by their side (Melba 18). Ignoring facts does not chan ge them and this is where India; Melba’s grandmother misses the point. She chooses to ignore the fact that the prevailing environment is not suitable for Melba. On September 3, 1957, India drives her grandchild Melba to CHS. As expected, they are attacked by a white mob; fortunately, they escape unscathed. To emphasize how volatile the environment around CHS is, Arkansas National Guard surrounds the school. Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is enough reason to make India realize how unwise it is to continue pushing Melba to attend this school. Melba insists that she wants to return to Horace Mann, her former high school but India insists that she is not that coward to quit. Melba cannot leave the house and this measure up to child abuse. In an attempt to save the situation, Governor Faubus and President Eisenhower intervene but their efforts are fruitless. The State of Arkansas wins a case that seeks to remove Arkansas National Guard around the school. Judge Davies rules that the nine black students be allowed to study in CHS. Governor Faubus follows the judge’s directive and removes the guards around the school; however, he says there will a lot of bloodshed if Melba and the other eight students join CHS. These insinuations are enough to warn India that it is inexpedient to take Melba to CHS. Ignoring this fact, India is perpetuating child abuse. On September 23, 1957, the nine black students go to CHS only to be attacked by angry white students. Even though these black students manage to enter into class, Melba is coerced to seek refuge in the principle’s office after a mob breaks the school barricades and advance towards her classroom. This is grave danger facing Melba yet India does not care or rather does not see it. Can child abuse to more than this? The greatest mistake that India makes in this case is to face danger with sheer vague beliefs. Melba may not be a quitter; however, this does not make her immune to attacks from white mobs. After several failed efforts to prevent the mob attacks, President Eisenhower employs force to root out this vice. The black students are given 101st Airborne Division escort. Nevertheless, this does not help greatly given the torture Melba and her friends are going through. â€Å"The physical and psychological punishment we endured profoundly affected all our lives. It transformed us into warriors who dared not cry even when we suffered intolerable pain† (Melba 29). The fact that Melba underwent through â€Å"torture† and â€Å"intolerable pain† underlines child abuse. She did not become a warrior because she wanted to; no, this was the only way she could respond to the abuse she was exposed to by the people who took her to CHS.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Warriors Don’t Cry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Melba puts it clearly the problems that she went through. While other students were busy playing and having good time, she was, â€Å"escaping the hanging rope of a lynch mob, dodging lighted sticks of dynamite, and washing away burning acid sprayed into my eyes† (Melba 32). What more evidence can there be to show that Melba was endangering her life. The God India speaks of being around Melba was at work for she was never killed. What is India thinking when pushing Melba to continue attending CHS? The attacks do not stop even after international community raises concern. Mrs. Jorumn Rickets, a Norwegian reporter tries to intervene but white businesspersons thwart her efforts. President Eisenhower calls back 101st Airborne and this gives way for more attacks. One day, while Melba is in washrooms, white girls attacks her and subjects her to blistering waters. After Minnijean, one of the nine black students is suspended for throwing chili in the eyes of his attacks, the white students break into a chant saying, â€Å"One nigger down and eight to go† (Melba 45). On another occasion, Melba is about to be attacked by a white mob thank God Link saves her by giving her his car keys. Link warns her of more imminent attacks that the whites are planning. These attacks are too much for Melba to handle. Even though she handles them by becoming a warrior, the pain is too much to bear as a child. From the examples indicated above, it is clear that Melba was under grave danger and this is tantamount to child abuse. Conclusion From the events that Melba accounts for in her book, it is apparent that she is exposed to grave danger by going to CHS. Those who let her go to this school are guilty of child abuse. From the beginning, it is clear that the whites are not for the idea of integration. After the court illegalizes segregation in schools, a white man tried to rape Melba for he is against this ruling. This is a clear indication that letting Melba attend CHS is a dangerous issue. After India and Melba are attacked and luckily escape unscathed, India responds by telling Melba that she is not a quitter and she needs to push on for these attacks would recede. However, this is a misinformed notion for Melba continues to live under fear as the attacks persist. The torture and intimidation that Melba bears, amount to child abuse. She confesses that they only became warriors who would not shed tears because this was the only way to face their hard times. Everything that happened to Melba is tantamount to child abuse; attempted rape through physical attacks to psychological torture surmounts child abuse.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Melba, Beals. â€Å"Warriors Don’t Cry; A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock’s Central High School.† Washington; Washington Square Press, 1994. This research paper on Warriors Don’t Cry was written and submitted by user Melody Mckay to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Canadas Efforts in Yugoslavia †History (200 Level Course)

Canadas Efforts in Yugoslavia – History (200 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers In the 1970’s and 1980’s, Yugoslavia did not seem like the communist countries found elsewhere in Eastern Europe. This appearance was misleading. In reality, Yugoslavia was a police state where people could be imprisoned for their beliefs. The communist party was the only one allowed as all other political parties were banned. Yugoslavia seemed to be achieving economically because of the money the Yugoslavian government was able to borrow. The people of Yugoslavia were divided. Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Muslims, Montenegrins, Albanians, and Macedonians, all who made up the population of Yugoslavia were suspicious and resentful of one another. Feelings of hatred began to escalate during the late 1980’s that suddenly exploded into violence in 1991. Almost instantly the world’s view of Yugoslavia changed. From being a peaceful and stable country, Yugoslavia was suddenly altered into a land of murder and refugees. On May 25 1993, â€Å"resolution 827† was adopted, which set forth NATO’s Tribunal’s mandate to prosecute individuals responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law committed on the territory of the former Yugoslavia. In Bosnia hostilities were put on hold with a cease- fire among the three warring factions in October 1995. In December 1995 parties to the Bosnia conflict, including Croatia and Serbia, signed the Dayton Agreement. This rejects the current widespread argument that Yugoslavia fell apart because of domestic struggles and militant activities, but more to the impact the Western powers had on Yugoslavia. Countries like the United States and Germany offered support to their favored ethnic groups to help them advance their own national policy agendas. Many attempts to help keep peace in Yugoslavia have been put forth. Through all the killing and destruction caused by the wars, Canada is still one of the only countries helping to correct this disaster. Perhaps slower out of the gate, Canada has spent billions towards this cause, Canada has sent thousands of troops to keep peace, and Canada has also put forth an effort worth boasting about. When this problem became apparent to the rest of the world, few countries stepped in to help stop it. After countries like Britain, France, United States, and Germany started to land in Bosnia and Croatia, Canada was still undecided whether to help or not in this peacekeeping mission. Being the 30th and last of the countries that agreed to go help, Canada joined and was part of the peacekeeping project. The federal cabinet gave its final approval to the deployment of Canadian soldiers just two days after a debate on the issue in the House of Commons. An exercise that opposition parties labeled as a sham, arguing that the government had already made up its mind on what it was going to do. The Defense Minister was David Collenette at the time. Mr. Collenette made his views clear at the debate saying, â€Å"It is fine for us Canadians to pound on our chests and yell from the hill tops about world peace. But unless we’re prepared to do something about it, to commit our own resources, to commit our own people, then I think our words ring hallow.† Although these words were very persuasive some still believed that Canada should not join. Alliance pressures being what they were, Canada felt that they had to join and be involved. When it came time to vote, Canada pulled together enough votes to officially make Canada involved in the peacekeeping mission led by NATO. Other allies involved in this were France, Britain, The United States, Germany, and even non-NATO nations like Bangladesh. In the UN headquarters in New York, UN members were questioning whether Canada was pulling its own weight. Canada had slipped to 25th in terms of the number of troops, police and observers it sends to do UN peacekeeping. As the Balkan experience was showing, Canada was putting forth more and taking greater action for peace, Canadians realize that it does not come cheap. Now that Canadians were finally showing how much it can do to fight for peace, they were realizing that money might slow them down. The department of national defense revealed that Canada spent $4.9 billion on peacekeeping in the former Yugoslavia in the past ten years. That total includes $1.4 billion in incremental costs. Money that would have been saved if the troops had stayed home. Heavy spending in the Balkans is a subject for heated behind-closed-doors debate in Canada’s foreign policy community. In 2000-2001 Canada expected to spend $222 million on peacekeeping, and just $47 million on other â€Å"aid† programs on the rest of the world. Helping out third world countries hit by famine, floods, and other disasters like earthquakes. The latest figures available state that in 1999-2000 the Canadian government spent $385 million helping certain regions hit by floods, earthquakes, and famine. Canada has spent $340 million on Yugoslavia, almost spending as much as it did on the rest of the world with aid money. Along with all the money spent Canada has also sent many soldiers. Canada agreed to send 1, 000 troops to start. Britain sent 14, 000 troops, France sent 10, 000, and Germany sent 4, 000 troops. The Canadian troops were split up into different areas. 500 Canadians were to be responsible for running one of three headquarters in the British sector, along with 400 infantrymen and 100 communications and logistics troops. With the infantry to be used for defensive purposes, Canadians were expected to patrol potentially dangerous zones dividing Bosnia, Croats, and Serbs. In Bosnia alone, 10 Canadians have died, more than 100 others wounded and many others suffering from psychological stress. As the war continued more troops were sent. After two years of war approximately 100, 000 people in total have died. Canadian troops still remain in Bosnia therefore, adding to the already high cost of this peacekeeping mission. Bringing an end to this essay on Canada’s involvement in the former Yugoslavia we can conclude that Canada was not all talk about bringing this world to peace but showed action as well. At the beginning of this situation authorities were questioning if Canada could hold their own in this peacekeeping battle. In the end Canada showed that they were serious about ending this problem by spending billions towards it, sending thousands of troops to fight against it, as this was an effort definitely worth boasting about for Canada. Even though Canada had put this much effort into stopping this war, it still goes on today. Canadian Defense says that approximately 1, 650 troops are still in Bosnia because this Balkan armed conflict is far from over. Beyond stopping the fighting between Bosnia’s Serbs, Croats, and Muslims, the mission was intended to reverse the ethnic cleansing that had forced minorities to flee their homes under threat of death. Refugee officials are hop eful that returns will pick up this year, but say that whoever has not yet returned home in two years time will probably never do so. Frustrated in their desire to secede and join their mother countries, the hard-line Serbs and Croats who hold power in their regions â€Å"say ‘no’ to anything that looks like Bosnia.† Even though it seems very slim for a possibility for this war to end in peace right now, the NATO led group has not given up on looking for ways to end this battle calmly and pleasant so that these ethnic groups can live in peace. Research Papers on Canada's Efforts in Yugoslavia - History (200 Level Course)Quebec and CanadaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationCapital PunishmentPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresDefinition of Export QuotasEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Chnage Management and Communication Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Chnage Management and Communication Plan - Essay Example Customers demand increased demand for larger production of plastics as Fortune 1000 enterprise recognized (Robbins & Judge, 2011). Riordan manufacturing functions in bureaucratic and a system based on formal power structures. According to Riordan manufacturing (Organisations charts Executive), a narrow span of control displays the information. Product base and manufacturing decision are only based on a central view. The formal power structures in Riordan are mechanically based in nature thereby a managerial hierarchy chain of command works .the structures that have a narrow span of control affects negatively the company. Power structures currently at Riordan manufacturing are employee development without any job satisfaction and internal growth. With a company staff over a thousand then, company needs to create and effective and efficient computer utilization system to speed processing among departments, employees and customers (Robbins & Judge, 2011). Riordan Manufacturing needs to keep a competitive edge in order to stay competitive by implementing a formal system to manage customer information that has been traditionally been completed by employees. The power and political structures do affect employee behavior. The channels of communication are efficient and cost effective to the organization. Riordan manufacturing based on formal power structures can work efficiently if communication levels and management develops a plan diversified to increased job satisfaction by improving channels of communication. The formal power structures should not exist. Riordan manufacturing company should create a local area network, and connection of an intranet system to enhance efficient communication among departments and suppliers. The network would have a department specific access code and information based on the functionality of the site. Improving the communication is a way suppliers can see

Effects of Globalization on Brazil 1163 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effects of Globalization on Brazil 1163 - Essay Example e increased imports causing job losses, rising inequality and homogenization of tastes which may impact local producers adversely (Held and McGrew, 2007). There are multiple causes of globalization like improvement in information technology, opening up of trade, creation of multiple trade regulatory bodies and growth of multinational companies to name a few (Woo, 2009). Brazil, the largest country of South America, was under a military government regime till 1985. Brazil is regarded as a rapidly growing developing country of South America. Brazilian economy is largely dependent on its strong agricultural sector and the industrial sector comprising mining and manufacturing activities (Bengoa and Sanchez-Robles, 2003). Globalization has a massive impact on the economy of Brazil as a whole. Globalization has increased the stability of the Brazilian economy. Increased stability has enhanced the flow of foreign direct investment in the country and many multinational companies have ventured into Brazil. Foreign trade in Brazil have received huge boost from the year 2000 onwards and many researchers have confirmed this to be plausible source of growth of the economy (Bengoa and Sanchez-Robles, 2003). The sudden fall in the global demand had affected Brazil adversely and the export sector had been maligned badly. There was a fall in the price of raw materials and sales of exported goods exacerbated the conditions in Brazil. Brazil has been badly bruised by the global financial crisis. The crisis has highlighted the negative aspects of over-dependence (Kaltenbrunner and Painceira, 2009). Globalization had a positive impact on the healthcare systems of Brazil by raising the commitment of government to prevent environmental degradation. The aim of the government is to reduce emission level by 40% till 2020. Protecting the agricultural sector and environment is an important concern for Brazil in the era of globalization (Alkmim, et al., 2012). Negative impacts of

Why I want to attend Virginia State University Essay

Why I want to attend Virginia State University - Essay Example My intention to take the Accounting program is because I would like to manage the family business and help in the administration of finances. I performed better in the lower grade level and business was my favorite subject. The other reason why I wish to pursue this course at Virginia State University is that it has facilities and resources that make learning favorable for future job commitments. The University should consider my application since I am self-motivated, disciplined and ambitious. I shall apply my strengths to enable the Finance and Accounting department attain its missions and visions of training competent workers. It is my belief that I shall be considered for a slot to attend the institution. I promise to observe the rules and work hard towards accomplishing the objectives of the department. I look forward to receiving a timely response from the applications committee and I am ready to attend interviews when called upon

Overview of Portfolio Theories

Overview of Portfolio Theories Introduction The word â€Å"Portfolio† can be defined as; the totality of decisions determining an individuals future prospects† (Sharpe, 1970). Portfolio can consist of many types of assets such as plant, property, real and financial assets (P.A Bowen, 1984). Portfolio theories propose how rational and prudent investors should use their due diligence to diversify their investments to optimize their portfolios, and how a risky asset should be priced as compared to less risky asset. People have been investing in the different assets class since decades but then they realize the importance of risk and its negative implications, if not treated effectively. Every investor has his own tolerance of risk and investors defines it in his ability of taking it. The portfolio theories have been derived over time in order to effectively measure the risk and how it can be reduced by diversify in their asset. Article 1: â€Å"The Legacy of Modern Portfolio Theory† This article covers the highlights of modern portfolio theory, describing how risk and its effects are measured and how planning and asset allocation can help you do something about it. Modern portfolio theory is the theoretical conflicting of conventional stock picking. It is being put forward by the economists, who try to understand the phenomena of the market as a whole, instead of business analysts, who look for individual investment opportunities. Investments are explained statistically, as how much investor expected long-term return rate and their expected short-term volatility. It measures how much expected return can deviate much worse than average an investments bad years are likely to be. The goal of the theory is to identify your adequate level of risk tolerance, and then to come up with a portfolio with the maximum expected return for that level of standard deviation (risk). The portfolio it assumes that the investment universe consists only of two market securities, the risk free asset and risky assets. But the actual investment universe is much broader than that being put forward. The optimal level of investment is to invest on efficient frontier but doing this would mean to calculate the millions of covariance among the securities. This calculation could make the life of analyst as difficult as one could have ever imagined. To think practically, its better to put portfolio theory to work means investing in a limited number of index securities rather than a huge number of individual stocks and bonds. Index investing is the point the where portfolio theory starts to rely on the efficient market hypothesis. When you buy an index based portfolio strategy youre allocating your money the same way the whole market is which is a high-quality thing if you believe the market has a plan and it is efficient. This is why portfolio theory is one of the branches of economics rather than finance: instead of only studying financial statements and different financial ratios, you study the aggregate behavior of investors, some of whom seemingly have studied financial statements so that market valuations will reflect their due diligence and prudence. Article 2: â€Å"Theory of portfolio and risk based on incremental entropy† The article has used incremental entropy to optimize the portfolios. This novel portfolio theory has been based on incremental entropy that carries on some facet of Markowitzs (1959, 1991) theory, but it highlights that the incremental speed of capital is a more objective criterion for assessing portfolios. The performance of the portfolio just cannot be justified with the returns because we have to keep in mind the risk of achieving those returns. Given the probability forecasts of returns, we can obtain the best possible investment ratio. Combining the new portfolio theory and the general theory of information, we can approach a meaning-explicit measure, which represents the increment of capital-increasing speed after information is provided. The article has used example to make it more clear that as we try to become rich within days there involve high risk of even losing those money which we at-least own at present. The ineffective investment is like a coin toss either you have al l the money in your pocket or you end having nothing in your pocket. The same being very risk averse would not help you become rich. You there has to be a balance in selecting the portfolio and this article explain the optimal investment ratio. (pg 1) Markowitz explains us that an efficient portfolio is either a portfolio that offers the maximum expected return for a given level of risk, or one with the minimum level of risk for a given expected return. There is no objective criterion to define the maximum effectiveness of a portfolio given the expected return and risk level and different expects have different view about it. The Markowitzs efficient portfolio tells us about the indifference curve of the investor and about the market portfolio. It is not the portfolio which we need for the fastest increment of capital. So, this article has derived a new mathematical model. The model explains that when gain and loss are have equal chance of occurring, if the loss is up to 100 percent, one should not risk more than 50 percent of fund no matter how lofty the possible gain might be. This conclusion has a great importance and significant for risky investments, such as futures, options, etc. Most of the new investors of future markets lose all of their money very fast because the investment ratios are not well controlled and generally too large. we can obtain the optimal ratios of investments in different securities or assets when probability forecasts of returns are given. Comparison with Markowitzs theory The new theory supports Markowitzs conclusions that investment risk can be reduced by effective portfolio, but there are some obvious differences: The new theory uses geometric mean return as the objective criterion for optimizing portfolio and gives some formulas for optimizing investment ratios; and . The new theory makes use of extent and possibility of gain and loss rather than expectation of return and standard deviation (risk) of the return to explain investment value. Article 3: â€Å"On the competitive theory and practice of portfolio selection† To select an optimal level of portfolio has always been a basic and fundamental problem in the field of computation finance. There are lots of securities are available including the cash and the basic online problem is to agree on a portfolio for the ith trading period based on the series of price for the scheduled i-1 trading period. There has been increasing interest but also mounting uncertainty relating to the value of competitive theory of online portfolio selection algorithms. Competitive analysis is based on the worst and most unexpected case scenarios and viewpoint; such a point of view is conflicting with the most widely used analysis and theories being adopted by the investors based on the statistical models and assumptions. Surprisingly in some of the initial experiments result shows that some algorithms which have enjoyed a highly regarded repute seems to outperform the historical sequence of data when seen in relation to competitive worst case scenarios. The emerging com petitive theory and the algorithms are directly related to the studies in information theory and computational learning theory, in fact some of the algorithms have been the broken new ground and set new standards within the information and computational theory learning based communities. The one of the primary goal and objective of this paper is understand the extent to which competitive portfolio algorithms are in reality learning and are they really contributing to the welfare of the investor. In order to find out so they have used set of different strategies this can be adapted to data sequence. This is being presented in a mixture of both strong theoretical and experimental results. It has also been compared with the performance of existing and new algorithms and respects to standard series of the historical sequence data and it also present the experiments from other three data sequence. It is being concluded that there is huge potential for selecting portfolio through algorith ms that are being derived from competitive force and as well as derived from the statistical properties of data. Article 4: â€Å"International property Portfolio Strategies† The article talks about the investment decisions regarding real estate, and try to put in the Markowitz mean variance formula to analyze the real estate market. They are not confined only to local real estate diversification but they are also including international diversification. Markowitz mean variance continuum and graph is useful in analyzing the efficient securities, and they help in the selection of an optimal portfolio on envelope curve taking into account the risk preferences of an investor. But when analysts try to incorporate real estate market to the Markowitz theory the major problems regarding liquidity, heterogeneity, indivisibility and information are faced by them which restrict them from further optimal analysis. Many investors have tried to support the theory to make a portfolio by considering property as asset like equity and bond investments; although there are a lot of differences among the characteristics of assets discussed above, but one can diversify its portfolio by investing in real assets, analysts argue. The discussion was dominated by the concept of international diversification of assets including real estate. To support the analysis in UK the (Sweeney , 1988-1989) work in cited most of the times, he came up with the famous model of real estate to come up with efficient diversification strategy, he used rental value of for different countries and came up with the model of risk return theory; after that a lot of analysts including: [Baum and Schofield (1991), Brà ¼hl and Lizieri (1994), Gordon (1991), Hartzell et al. (1993), Johnson (1993), Sweeney (1993), Vo(1993) and Wurtzebach (1990)], have come up with analysis to support international diversification; but the result was som ehow was not justifying the inculcation of real estate to portfolio theory, because those assets were not correlated at all when inspected for the risk return behavior during last decade or so. This can be attributed to the failure of mean variance model to produce results, the main problems facing would be regarding data collection, technicalities, omitted categories, and ex post analysis. This is almost irrational and impossible to find the most efficient way to diversify a portfolio by including real asset as a separate asset, because of area problems, different locality, pricing conditions, economic conditions, liquidity differences, and data collection problems. As real estate market is highly uncorrelated even within the industry so the data sets are very difficult to find for analysis because of lack of empirical data on this market. Article 5: â€Å"Different risk measures: different portfolio compositions?† Choosing the suitable portfolio of assets in which to invest is an essential component of fund management. A large percentage of portfolio selection decisions were based on a qualitative basis, however quantitative approaches to selection are increasingly being employed. Markowitz (1952) established a quantitative framework for asset selection into a portfolio that is now well known. The measure of risk used in portfolio optimization models is the variance. Variance calculates how much deviation could be expected from the set of portfolio. The alternative methods of risk have their own theoretical and practical advantages and it is atypical that they are not used widely by investors. One of the reason may be because of the difficulty and complexity of understanding such models and then practically implementing those models and to decide in which measure of risk is best and gives the most realistic and useful results. It is important to identify the common risk measure and without doi ng so any attempt to measure the risk would be useless exercise. In order to cope with this, another approach is considered that is to comparing the portfolio holdings produced by different risk measures, rather than the traditional risk return trade-off. It is than being observed that whether the risk measures used produce asset allocations that are essentially the same or very different. In order to probe this concern this study tested the proposition that different measures of risk produce minimum risk portfolios that are essentially the same in terms of asset allocations, using monthly data over the period January 1987 to December 2002. The results show that the optimal portfolio compositions formed by different risk measures vary quite noticeably from measure to measure. These finding are very useful and have a practical implication for the investors because it recommend that the choice of risk model depends entirely on the individuals attitude to risk rather than any theoretic al or practical advantages of one model over another. It has been concluded that different investors have they indifference curve different from other and some of them like to take more risk as compare to other who are happy at earning low but safe returns. Conclusion It is being concluded that risk is more of a subjective term and different analysts and investor measures and perceive it in their own way. In todays word not even a single person can underestimate the importance of risk in selecting a security and emphasized is been given to diversification through proper portfolio selection process and everyone tries to optimize their returns given a certain level of risk. In order to do so they are using different statistical measures those have been derived over time to calculate risk. So selection of such method is limited to the understanding of a certain method to a certain investor and their effectiveness of results as compare to other methods.

The Degradation of Wives in the Victorian Period Essay -- Exploratory

The Degradation of Wives in the Victorian Period The degradation of the married woman in the Victorian era existed not only in that she was stripped of all her legal rights but also that no obligations were placed in her realm. Upon marriage, Victorian brides relinquished all rights to property and personal wealth to their husbands. Women were, under the law, â€Å"legally incompetent and irresponsible.† A married woman was entitled to no legal recourse in any matter, unless it was sponsored and endorsed by her husband. Helpless in the eyes of civil authority, the married woman was in the same category with â€Å"criminals, lunatics, and minors† (Vicinus 7). Eighteenth-century, English jurist, William Blackstone curtly described her legal status, â€Å"in law a husband and wife are one person, and the husband is that person† (Jones 402). The Victorian woman was her husband’s chattel. She was completely dependent upon him and subject to him. She had no right to sue for divorce or to the custody of her children should the couple separate. She could not make a will or keep her earnings. Her area of expertise, her sphere, was in the home as mother, homemaker and devoted domestic. Clear and distinct gender boundaries were drawn: Men were â€Å" . . . competitive, assertive, . . . and materialistic.† Women were â€Å"pious, pure, gentle . . . and sacrificing† (Woloch 125). No greater degradation took place in the Victorian woman’s life than in the bedroom. The Victorian woman had no right to her own body, as she was not permitted to refuse conjugal duties. She was believed to be asexual: â€Å"The majority of women, happily for them, are not much troubled with sexual feeling of any kind† (Woloch 128). The inference is, if the husband did not demand the f... ... Fiction, and Contract Theory: Trollope’s He Knew He Was Right.† Criticism XXXVI (Summer 1994): 401-14 Hellerstein, Erna Olafson, Hume, Leslie Parker, and Offen, Karen M., eds. Victorian Women; A Documentary Account of Women’s Lives in Nineteenth- Century England, France, and the United States. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981 Marshall, Gordon, ed. Dictionary of Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. National Center for Victims of Crime. Public Policy Issues: â€Å"Spousal Rape Laws: 20 Years Later.† 27 March 2002 . Perkin, Joan. Victorian Women. New York: New York University Press, 1993 Vicinus, Martha, ed. A Widening Sphere: Changing Roles of Victorian Women. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977 Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2000

Public Health Challenge Essay

Possibly the most imperative public health challenge for the United States today is the obesity epidemic the population has. This obesity epidemic, is linked to an array of costly and debilitating health consequences. The widespread challenge of obesity and the health problems and concerns that go with that is an American public health problem. FDA’s approval of two new medications that can help to decrease some of the obesity , decrease some of the chronic diseases associated with obesity, and decrease the costs associated with obesity. This essay will be addressing these pertinent problems and will prove that the new FDA drugs approved for weight loss will help American’s with weight loss that will decrease obesity, decrease chronic illnesses that are associated with obesity and decrease health care costs. Prevention of obesity along with investing in research is necessary for us to see a change in the obesity epidemic (Hammond, 2012). Research suggests that decreasing obesity will decrease the costs of health care, decrease chronic illnesses associated with obesity. Total obesity costs would be much more reduced, along with the cost for other conditions caused by excess weight in our population (Finkelstein, Trogdon, Cohen & Dietz, 2009). Research suggests that the newest FDA approved diet pills will benefit Americans by decreasing obesity, decreasing chronic diseases associated with obesity and decreasing health care costs. Research shows that newest FDA approved diet pills Qysimia, and Blviq (lorcaserin), are helping to decrease obesity in the American population that were taking these medications. The new diet drugs approved by FDA will benefit Americans by decreasing obesity rates in the American population. With two-thirds of all our population being obese or overweight or and the related cost of health costs, FDA was under pressure to approve any weight loss treatments (Berkrot & Yukhananov, 2012). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) permitted long-term weight loss obesity drugs for the first time in 13 years, these drugs are suppose to help unhealthy overweight and obese Americans with weight control that have been unsuccessful (FDA, 2012). These two new drugs, Belviq (lorcaserin) and Qsymia will be a tool to help Americans get and stay at a healthy weight (FDA, 2012). Belviq (lorcaserin) is one of the two new drugs that have been approved by the FDA. Resesearch currently showing promise and benefit from this medication. Belviq (lorcaserin) which drug’s efficacy submitted by FDA and Arena pharmaceuticals show a weight loss of five percent of their starting weight, averaging twelve pounds (Park, 2012a). Belviq (lorcaserin) works activating the brain receptors for serotonin which help to control appetite. Arena researchers explain that their drug is designed to seek out these appetite serotonin receptors and saturate them so that appetite is controlled. FDA and Arena pharmaceuticals show a weight loss of five percent of their starting weight, averaging twelve pounds. The best results have been shown in people that are on a healthy diet and an exercise program (Park, 2012a). FDA has approved this medications for obese patients with a BMI of 30 or above, or if a BMI of 27 and high cholesterol, hypertension or Type 2 diabetes. Side effects associated with this medication are fatigue, dizziness, dry mouth, constipation, headache and nausea; side effects for diabetic patients are fatigue, low blood sugar, headache, back pain and cough. The standard labeling for Belviq suggests that the drug be terminated in patients who fail to drop 5 percent of their body weight after 12 weeks of therapy, because they will probably not start achieving weight loss. When Belviq is given 10 milligrams twice a day, Belviq does not appear to activate the serotonin 2B receptor, which is what caused the withdrawal of fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine drugs because of cardiac issues. (Yao, 2012). The weight loss proven in research from this drug proves that Bekviq (lorcaserin) that will helped decrease the obesity in the American population that are prescribed this medication. A second new drug Qsymia, made by Vivus, is has been approved by FDA closely behind Belviq. Qsymia which drug’s efficacy in trials show a weight loss of 8.4 -10.6 percent of their starting weight. (2012b). This drug is a combination drug, topiramate, and phenertermine. Phentermine is an appetite suppressant stimulant, and topiramate is an anti-seizure medication that makes gives people the feeling of being fuller after eating. Research suggests that it works by targeting brain receptors that trigger eating too much. With clinical trials, obese patients that took Qsymia for a full year lost on average 8.4 % to 10.6% of their weight, the weight loss increased with higher doses. The FDA’s approval of Qsymia, after such a long diet-drug drought and despite the potential safety problems that plague weight-loss pills, marks a willingness to make new solutions available. FDA approved this drug for obese people with a BMI of thirty or greater or twenty-seven or more with another co-morbidity disease. Risks or side effects include increased heart rate, birth defects for pregnant women, and metabolic acidosis. With the American population increasing in obesity by over a third of the adults and effective weight loss treatments are few and rare. FDA approving these new weight loss pills shows us that new solutions are available (Park, 2012b). The weight loss associated with this drug is greater than that of Belviq but the potential complications and risk may be greater. FDA approving these two new drugs Qysmia and Belviq after a 13 year gap in FDA diet drug approval is promising to Americans, both drugs shows a substantial weight loss in obese patients with BMI of 27 or greater. This weight loss will be effective in decreasing obesity in the American population. These drugs are supposed to help unhealthy overweight and obese Americans with weight control that has been unsuccessful (Yao, 2012). Belviq (lorcase-rin) is a 10 mg tablet taken twice a day that works by sending signals to the brain that controls hunger. Weight loss from Belviq in studies averaged 3-3.7 percent. Qsymia is taken once a day, with patients starting at the lowest dose (3.75 mg phentermine/23 mg topira-mate extended-release), then increas-ing to the recommended dose (7.5mg/46 mg). The maximum dose increased to the highest dose (15 mg/92 mg). Weight loss from Qsymia in studys averaged 6.7-8.9 percent. Orlistat is the last FDA approved drug on the market currently. Prescriptions approved by FDA in the past have a history being removed because of detrimental side effects (FDA, 2012). A new solution for weight loss is necessary to help decrease the obesity epidemic in the United States and the FDA’s approval of Qsymia and Belviq, is the a start to answering how Americans can make weight loss being accessible (Park, 2012a). The two new diet drugs, Qysmia and Belviq approved by FDA will benefit Americans by decreasing chronic diseases associated with obesity in the American population. Conditions associated to obesity include heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and certain types of cancer, some of the leading causes of preventable death. (CDC, 2012). Decreasing obesity will decrease the amount and or severity of these chronic. Obesity is defined as an adult with a BMI (Body Mass Index) greater than 30 and overweight is defined as BMI of 25- to 29.9 or greater. In 2009-2010 37.5% of the American population was obese according to data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (Ogden, Carroll, Kit & Flegal, 2012). BMI is not a diagnostic tool. For example, if a person has a high BMI, a health care provider would need to perform further assessments to determine if the excess weight is a health risk. These assessments might include evaluations of diet, physical activity, family history, blo od tests and other appropriate health screenings (CDC, 2011). With over one third of Americans being overweight it increases the chronic illnesses of over one third of our population. Almost 41 million women and more than 37 million men aged 20 and over were obese in 2009–2010. Obesity leads to higher health risks and chronic diseases including type two diabetes, hypertension, and increased lipids to name a few. Adults aged 60 and over were more likely to be obese than younger adults. The Healthy People 2010 goals of 15% obesity among adults and 5% obesity among children were not met (Ogden, Carroll, Kit & Flegal, 2012). Decreasing obesity rates will decrease our chronic illnesses associated with obesity. . An effective obesity prevention strategy will be to include education and change policies to incorporate healthy changes to decrease obesity. According to an analysis in the American Journal of Public Health, as little as a 5 percent reduction in the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension would save almost $25 billion annually in med ium-term health care costs (Hammond, 2012). Sixty percent of the Americans obese or overweight population reported one or more chronic illnesses that were associated with obesity, in 2006, compared to 33 percent of normal-weight adults. Cardiovascular disease is one of the major risks associated with obesity. The excess fat associated with obesity raises cholesterol and blood pressure. Decreasing the excess fat will decrease cardiovascular disease. Cancer over the last decades has been linked to obesity, decreasing obesity will decrease some of the cancer risks. Type II diabetes is the one chronic disease mainly associated to obesity, and studies suggest that a weight gain of 11 pounds or more in adult aged patients is associated with 27 percent of type 2 diabetes (Combs, 2011). Decreasing weight of 11 pounds which is a possibility for patients on these diet drugs will decrease these chronic illnesses. The new approved diet pills help decrease chronic diseases associated with obesity as evidenced by decreased chronic illnesses being present in lower weighted Americans The new diet drugs approved by FDA will benefit Americans by decreasing health care cost associated with obesity in the American population. This obesity epidemic is associated with increased health care costs and will continue to increase over the next years. Prevention of obesity along with investing in research is necessary for us to see a change in the obesity epidemic (Hammond, 2012). Obesity cost health care large amounts of money and is a health concern (Berkrot & Yukhananov, 2012). The abstract â€Å"Annual medical spending attributable to obesity† connects the unquestionable connection between growing rates of obesity and escalating medical spending. The liability of obesity has escalated to almost ten percent of all medical spending and could amount to $ 147 billion in 2008 these are the overall estimates that the authors found (Finkelstein, Trogdon, Cohen & Dietz, 2009). As a result, the article will be useful to support the points that decreasing obesity will decre ase health care costs. Obesity rates have continued to escalate despite all aspects of government’s efforts including state, national and local. This is a concern to the American public and also to the health care industry. The medical charges increased by 37 percent from 1998 to estimated 2006 numbers. The rising number of Americans with obesity is influencing the increases in total medical costs. Amplified costs is evidenced by prescription drug benefits from Medicare, that show Medicare overweight recipients spend $600 per year more than non obese Medicare recipients. The authors estimate that the occurrence of obesity being on the rise is to blame for the greater than before health care costs from 1998 to 2006 (Finkelstein, Trogdon, Cohen & Dietz, 2009). These numbers show again that reduction in obesity rates will decrease all medical costs including the $600 Medicare costs. Methods and Study data points are used for research in this article. This article goes over the methods used in the research. The methods used are a four part equation regression approach to predict the total medical spending. This is part of the modifications to allow stratifications to be more detailed , by separate spending from inpatient to outpatient settings, prescription costs of drugs, each service then was able to conclude and predict total spending (Finkelstein, Trogdon, Cohen & Dietz, 2009). The methods include accounting for Body Mass Index (BMI), BMI greater than 30 was used. Regressions for characteristics included control of ethnicity/race, age, income, smoking status, marital status, and insurance variables. Running separate models for each payer. Each type of service calculated from total predicted spending for obese patient had they be calculated to normal weight using bootstrap method. Also using obesity prevalence increase by computing the difference in these from 2006 back to 1998, shows hypothetical obesity costs and attributable to 2006 (Finkelstein, Trogdon, Cohen & Dietz, 2009). All this shows us that decreasing obesisty will decrease the cost of health care. Results of the first exhibit show obese persons had medical increase spending that was 42 percent larger ($1429/per person) then non obese persons. Results of the second exhibit that show costs estimates by payer show Medicaid increase of forty-seven percent, private insurance increased by fifty-eight percent and Medicare costs increased by 36 percent. Exhibit three type of service shows prescription drug increase from sixty percent to eighty-one percent, Inpatient increase from 4 percent to ninety percent and outpatient increase from fourteen percent to forty percent. Exhibit four shows medical spending attributable to cumulative obesity shows increases on all spending , this show that if obesity would have remained the same prevalence from 1998 we would have shown 47 billion spent in 2006 instead of 86 billion. These results imply that the eighty-nine percent of the spending was accounted by the obesity numbers rising (Finkelstein, Trogdon, Cohen & Dietz, 2009). This is a significant amount of money in all the exhibits. The authors provide evidence and statistics that support the argument that obesity increases the cost of health care and that reduction in obesity will in turn decrease the cost of health care. The article provides results and also explains the new evidence of the important role of prescription drug spending, in increasing the costs of obesity. The main message of this article obesity will continue to inflict major expenses on the health system for the upcoming years, without a solid and persistent decline in obesity prevalence. Although pharmaceutical, medical, and surgical interventions to treat obesity are available, these treatments remain rare.. Pharmaceutical is one of the three types of interventions we use to treat obesity. Pharmaceutical treatments are remaining rare in treating obesity. If not for obesity, total obesity costs would be much more reduced, along with the cost for other conditions caused by excess weight in our population (Finkelstein, Trogdon, Cohen & Dietz, 2009). This article discusses it limitations. A limitation of this source is that, though the page has credibility the authors do cite the limitations of this analysis being that the dependence of height and weight being reported is done by individuals. And the regressions of sample from 1998 is only half that of 2006 sample. This approach does not allow for precise diseases or behaviors connected with obese individuals (Finkelstein, Trogdon, Cohen & Dietz, 2009) Workers all over the world are experiencing cost increases to health care because of obesity. Employers estimated costs of health care decrease with decrease in weight (CDC, 2011). Total obesity costs would be much more reduced, along with the cost all chronic diseases and conditions caused by excess weight in our population (Finkelstein, Trogdon, Cohen & Dietz, 2009). The newest FDA approved diet pills benefit us by decreasing obesity for the American population that takes this medication. American obesity has been evidenced by studies that show a measurable weight loss. The new approved diet pills Qysimia and Belviq will decrease chronic diseases associated with obesity as evidenced by decreased chronic illnesses being present in lower weighted Americans (even a few pounds changes many chronic illnesses assosciated with obesity. Decreasing obesity will decrease health care costs as evidenced by costs decreasing by $1429 per person less on non obese patients (Finkelstein, Trogdon, Cohen & Dietz, 2009). Research data given in above essay suggests that the newest FDA approved diet pills will benefit Americans by decreasing obesity, decreasing chronic diseases associated with obesity and decreasing health care costs. The thesis has been proven to be correct, with the above information. Research showed that the newest FDA approved diet pills does benefit Americans by decreasing obesity, decreasing chronic diseases associated with obesity and decreasing health care costs. References Berkrot, B., & Yukhananov, H. (2012). Fda oks first obesity drug in 13 years. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/27/us-arena-obesity-idUSBRE85Q1AA20120627 CDC. (2011, October 06). Cdc. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/leanworks/costcalculator/index.html CDC. (2012, August 13). Cdc. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html Combs, S. (2011). Retrieved from website: http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/obesitycost/pdf/GainingCostsLosingTime.pdf FDA. (2012). Retrieved from website: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/UCM312391.pdf Finkelstein, E., Trogdon, J., Cohen, J., & Dietz, W. (2009). Annual medical spending attributable to obesity: Payer-and service-specific estimates. Retrieved from http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/28/5/w822.full.pdf html Hammond, R. A. (2012). Obesity, prevention, and healthcare costs. Retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2012/05/04-health-care-hammond Ogden, C. L., Carroll , M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2012). Retrieved from National Center for Health Statistics for Health S website: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db82.pdf Park, A. (2012, June 28).