Women in Greek Mythology Essay Example for Free

Women in Grecian Mythology EssayA myth is a legendary traditional story, usu any(prenominal)y concerning a hero or an event, and typically involving supernatural beings and events. Informally, the term is also used to describe false stories, due to the usual lack of determinable basis or fact in intimately myths, but the academic use of the word has nonhing to do with truth or falsity. Myths are stories woven from the need of having models for behavior.They are spiritual stories revolving around sacred events and sacred characters idealized perfectly to be the suitable role-models in the eyes of the society from which they spring, which makes myths a valuable resource for explaining how the hu hu gentleman beings race came to what it is today. Ancient Greek society had very specific gender roles, where men were expected to be controlling and domineering, and women passive and obedient. It was believed that if women were busy in their domestic homes, then they will non turn to their evil nature in which men of that time strongly believed in.From her is descended a great pain to mortal men (Leftowitz and Fant, p25). In Homers Odyssey, matchless of the senileest and most fundamental works of literature to western canon, the importance of women in the poems plot lies in their roles as seductresses. When Odysseus crew arrives on Circes island, they are attracted to Circes house because of the alluring voice of the beautiful but monstrous goddess. Homer describes her as singing in a sweet voice, as she fared to and fro in the lead the great web imperishable, such as is the handiwork of goddesses, fine of woof and full of grace and splendor. (Homer, 850 BC) But evil seductresses was not the only portrait of women offered by Greek Mythology. genus Penelope, the wife of the main character in the Odyssey, Odysseus, is a prime example of what an ideal wife was in Ancient Greek society. She has only one son by Odysseus, born just before Odysseus was called t o fight in the Trojan War. Penelope remained faithful to Odysseus for 20 years as he was forward fighting, doing all she can to curb the unwanted attention of many suitors and their requests for her hand.She has devised many plans to delay an answer, one of which was pretending to weave a burial shroud for Odysseus old father, and promising to choose which to marry of her suitors when she finishes it. Every night for three years she undid a part of the shroud until her trick was exposed. She is a symbol of faithfulness in marriage, even though she begins to get restless and ambivalent, due mainly to genus Athenes encouragement, after 20 years of waiting.As Irene De Jong comments As so often, it is Athena who takes the initiative in giving the story a new direction Usually the motives of mortal and god coincide, here they do not Athena wants Penelope to fan the Suitors desire for her and (thereby) make her more esteemed by her husband and son Penelope has no real motive . . . she si mply feels an unprecedented disposition to meet the men she so loathes adding that she might take this opportunity to talk to Telemachus (which she will indeed do) (De Jong, p.44)But as Odysseus comes back disguised as a beggar, Penelope vows to marry whoever can string Odysseus Bow and shoot an arrow, which leads to Odysseus and Penelope reuniting together. Penelopes story shows what Greek men expected from women, undying fidelity and a good, sharp and reliable mind. And albeit the fact that Penelope starts longing to show off for her suitors and eventually agrees to marry whoever strings her former husbands bow, she is pacify shown in a good light in Greek myth.On a high contrast to the passive Penelope is Medusa, the gorgon female monster, who is well cognise for hair of snakes and her horrifying glare that turned onlookers to stone. She was born an exceptional beauty, the jealous aspiration of many suitors, with her hair being her best feature, but after she was ravished in A thenas temple, the goddess was so enraged she punished her by turning her hair into snakes and whoever looked at her into stone.She was later killed by the hero Perseus, who be transmited her and used her head as a weapon, then gave it up for Athens. Medusa has become a symbol of feminine rage, she was punished for being a victim of rape, while the man escaped with no consequence, and she had spread terror and fright as her revenge for the unfairness of the world, and later is beheaded, and her murderer is labeled a hero, giving her head to the goddess who had started it all with her curse.Interestingly enough, her name means the protector, or the guardian. The most interesting Greek mythical woman in my opinion is Pandora, the beginning of it all. Her name means The bestower of all. She was Zeus punishment to mankind after Prometheus stole the secret of fire, the symbol of education. Zeus ordered her to be mould out of the earth, and he and all the other gods joined in offering th is beautiful evil all manners of seductive gifts.It is said that she had opened a jar, known in fresh days as Pandoras Box, out of curiosity, and unintentionally released all the evils of mankind, disasters and illnesses and malaises, leaving only hope inside after she hastened to close it. The curious part is how women were viewed not just as a punishment, but a punishment for mans attempts to broaden his mind and satiate his curiosity, and how the evils of mankind all came to be, not as a result of malice or malevolence, but that same innocent curiosity, which is one of the natural attributes of the human race.It appears as though the Greek did not O.K. of snooping around, especially of women, which brings to mind the modern stereotype of nosey idle housewives. Her other name is Anesidora, which means She who sends up gifts, implying her lower status as a female. In conclusion, while myths might not describe real events, they are nonetheless one of the most valuable tools to und erstanding human nature and ideals, they are fantasies that man had created and they reflect his thoughts and theories and explanations and hopes and ideals.Women had took up major roles in the Greek mythical world, as villains and victims, but rarely as heroines, which shows that the society at the time and place of the being of those legends was dominantly ruled by men, with women staying to their homes and looking after their families. These gender stereotypes have continued for many years after the downfall of the Greek Empire, and are still touristy throughout the world even today. References Bulfinch, T. , and Goodrich, N. (1995). Bulfinchs mythology The age of fable. Plume. De Jong, I.(2001). A Narratological commentary on the odyssey. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved Dec 6, 2009 from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Penelope Definition of Myth. Dictionary. com unabridged. Retrieved (2009, December 6) from http// dictionary. reference. com/browse/myth Gender in Odyssey. B ookrag. Retrieved Dec 6, 2009 from http//www. bookrags. com/ essay- 2005/11/23/13450/292 Graf, F. , and Marier, Thomas. (1996). Greek mythology. Johns Hopkins Univ Pr. Hesiod, Schlegel, C. , and Weinfield. (2006). Theogony and works and days.University of Michigan Pr. Homer (fl. 850 B. C. ). The Odyssey. The Harvard Classics. 190914.. Bartleby. Retrieved Dec 6, 2009 from http//www. bartleby. com/22/10. html Homer, Fagles, R. , and Knox, B. (1998). The Iliad. Penguin Classics. Katz, M. (1991). Penelopes renown Meaning and indeterminacy in the odyssey. Princeton University Press. Lefkowitz, M. R. , and Fant, M. B. (2005). mens Opinion. Womens life in Greek and Rome. USA The John Hopkins University Press. Pandora, by Jules Joseph Lefebvre(18361911), Oil on Canvas.

Ethnic Diversity Essay Example for Free

Ethnic Diversity EssayAnswer each question in 50 to 150 words. Provide citations for all the sources you use. 1. What is diversity? Why is diversity valued? Diversity is the combination of different races of state, religions, and destination. Diversity is important to constantly grow and give away new ideas that will help our society become a better environment to live in. Diversity is value because it allows us to learn different things that whitethorn help up us in life, that our own culture does teach, or provide. 2. What is ethnocentrism? In what ways can ethnocentrism be detrimental to a society?Ethnocentrism is a term that is used to describe the tendency that someone will believe his or her own customs and traditions be better than anyone elses. It is determined that no culture is perfect, and closing society from the great custom of other cultures does not allow one a chance to solve all problems, and learn what others know that we atomic number 18 custom to disbeli eve in. 3. Define emigration and immigration. Emigration is a someone leaving a country, and Immigration is a person entering a country. E in Emigration can mean exit, and I in immigration can mean in.Many get these to word mixed up, mainly in ones English or History class as a student. For representative the United States are prompt with immigrants with an I, and Mexico are accounted for emigrants with an E. 4. What are some of the ways bases of people are identified? Some ways groups of people are identified are by race or creed, gender, religion, raised by one or both parents, or raised asideside of their original family. In addition, American cultural group people by age, until you reach 18, one is considered an adolescent, and when one reaches 21, they are considered an adult.5. Why do people label and group other people? People label and group other people as a breastwork to not be taken by surprise. If a certain Copyright 2012 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserve d. Diversity Worksheet ETH/125 Version 8 2 person done something wrong, and we see more people like that person doing the same, we now label that entire race of people to be the same. The labeling part works as a defense mechanism to not allow someone that we think is bad or good, take advantage of us or we lock out someone we think can be a good friend.6. Define culture. Is culture limited to racial and ethnic backgrounds? Explain. Culture is the customs of a group of people, by race, religion, beliefs, and tradition. Culture is not limited to racial and ethnic backgrounds. Because there are many different races that have the same religious culture and traditions. For example Indians, Blacks, Iranians, and I am sure there are others that believe in the Islamic religion, and have the same beliefs and follow the same religion traditions. Copyright 2012 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved.

Analysis of Values, Expectation and Environment of National Bank of Pakistan

Analysis of Values, Expectation and Environment of National fuelt of PakistanThe balance sheet of NBP is in borderit than entirely other banks operating locally. The function of NBP atomic number 18 accessible to the government of Pakistan, calling units and individuals.NBP has shown a remarkable monetary functioning in 2006 with an estimated total asset of over 634 billion PKR. The overall deposits of NBP throw grown-up to approximately 502 billion PKR. According to the annual report of year 2006 the bank earned 26 billion rupees to begin with tax profit and the per shargon value increased to 24.01 rupees.The boost in revenue was attained due to the huge central banking returns. The bank issued more loans and in inject receive by bank on these loans increased by Rs.10 billion. posit enjoyed an increase of Rs.268 billion in its advances.To offset the threat of credit alarm NBP retains a firm hold of loans. The bank issues these loans to different range of people/ busine sses. For example NBP karobar is a scheme of NBP to help people increase their business, bank excessively gives loans to SM enterprises and in like manner in agriculture field as well as large business companies.The signed agreement in year 2002 with Western Union is unmatchable example of different channels that bank is facilitating for Pakistani living overseas. It countenanced them a convenient and competent way to transfer their funds to Pakistan.Currently bank has started an efficient online system to track the complete inward netting. This system ensures that all the branches piss complete record of every step of inward remittance until its final source of receiving.Learning Outcome 1Types of values, Links to Values, Vision and MissionOne of the key drivers of strategic purpose in an composition is its values.Values argon pause of the organisations culture those subconscious assumptions and beliefs that frame its view of itself.TYPES OF VALUESLencioni , (2002)noted four types of federation valuesCore ValuesThese are the deeply ingrained principles that govern all the organisations actions. These values are the source of a companys distinctiveness.Aspirational valuesAspirational values are those principles that are essential for prospect achievements. Here is where conventional morals might be out of step with a planned value.Permission-to-play valuesThese values are to a fault called as entrance values these are non-core and non-distinctive values. These are the minimum principles of adroitness that are given in employees instruction manual.Accidental valuesAccidental values are those intellectual standards that are eng corned for approval notwithstanding these standards do not actually reflect the central or inspirational principles.Core values of National Bank of PakistanNBP believes in reliability of premier standard transcendency in customers service is another core value of NBPNBP admits the teamwork and it has a performance based cul ture i.e. rewards are given on performance baseNBP improves its expertise for upcoming confrontsIt builds an understanding of public and neighbourhood responsibilityNBP creates morality for its stakeholdersMorals work collectively with visualization to produce the structure of your tactical aim, and from your structure come your exact plan and objectives.At times difference between vision and mission is unclear. A vision is an inspiring declaration of anywhere the company cravings to be, succession the mission is a declaration of present strategic situation.The VisionA vision declarationis occasionally identifies an image of your business in the prospect however its so much further than an image. Your visualization is your idea, the outline for your calculated arrangements.The MissionA mission declarationis a concise explanation of a businesss base intention. It answers the question WHAT IS OUR PURPOSE OF EXISTANCE.The mission enounces the companys aim together for those in the company and for the community.Vision of NBPTo be known as a leader and a case identical with belief, uppermost standard of service and excellence, worldwide best exercise and public duty.Mission of National Bank o PakistanThe mission of NBP is to seek the ethics that will enable the bank Infect the bank of realm it will focus on the followingNBP will institutionalise a value and performance based culture.Will create a unique brand name by allow foring top class services.NBP will adopt the premium instruction strategies.It will focus on maximising the value of its stakeholders.Evaluation of NBPs Vision against its suitabilityThere are many ways/ tools to judge the mission program line of an organisation. I have chosen the five ways suggested by HAMEL and PRAHALAD in year 1994.These areForesightNBP has a strong and powerful vision statement. The point in its vision is very logical and arranged.All the three parts of the vision are in steady relation in an attractive way. It de monstrates the potential of the banks planning for incoming. The primary element of the banks vision statement says to be known as the leader face the foreseeing part of its vision.BreadthNBPs vision is vast sufficiency to appreciate different topics. The vision is about giving answer to the continuous changing commercialise. By covering the top international practices its vision shows its wideness.UniquenessThe desire to continue its participation to provide best global practices gives its mission statement uniqueness.ConsensusAs it is possible to fulfil the vision statement of the bank its vision is also consensus more over all the assembly like board of directors, chief executive officers and voice presidents are agreed on it.Action-abilityIts vision clearly mentions the future opportunities in a proper manner. To enjoy being a leader in banking field NBP is applying top property management skills. The excellent team work, luxuriously standard service and its sincerity with its work makes it well qualified to face the upcoming confront and to create values for its stakeholders.Evaluation of Mission StatementTo evaluate the mission/ objectives of NBP I have chosen the SMART tool. The SMART compend of NBP is as followingS SpecificThe mission statement of the NBP is to the point. It is very clear and understandable. Every point of its mission statement is well defined and logical.M MeasurableHere measurable means quantity. To the best of my understanding and knowledge the term Measureable can best fit if NBP has achieved the targeted revenue, number of branches, number of customers etc. And I think the answer is yes even more than that. Because it is a purely government organisation people have swear in it.A AchievableAs one can clearly see that NPBs mission statement recaps the basic strategy to realize the goals of the organisation it states the key goals that the workers should struggle to meet. This declaration is given in very clear points and I think its very much attainable/ achievable.R RealisticThe approach of NBP towards its mission/ objective is very realistic. I mean on that point is sense of what it states. Like its says to maximise its stakeholders value, means by providing top quality services and providing its stakeholder continuous profit NBP will do its best to increase its stakeholders value and improve their life.T Time-boundThe time bound factor means it should fasten the time when its going to get these objectives/ missions. As far as my knowledge about the company is concerned NBP has not given any time square up for achieving its missions/ goals.Learning outcome 2Stakeholder Analysis managing expectationsDefinition of StakeholderFreeman and Reed (1983) suggested two definitions of an organisations stakeholder i.e. narrow and broad.The broad definition says that a stakeholder is a group or individual who can either affect the achievements of the organisation or is affected by the achievement of the organisations objectives.The narrow definition says a stakeholder is an individual or a group of individuals on which the organisation depends for its continuous survival.(A stake holder rationale for risk management 1st edition 2008 Gregor Gossy)Stakeholders of National Bank of PakistanAs NBP is a very big organisation so are its stakeholders. There is a long list of its stakeholders any(prenominal) important stakeholders are mentioned in the list below.ShareholdersEmployees government activityIts CreditorsBoard of DirectorsOther BusinessesSBPUnionsCommercial banksDepositorsInfluence of StakeholdersThe banks shareholders have a gigantic impact on the finding making process of the bank as they figure in the voting for the selection of directors after the previous term is expired. They are involved in the top meetings with the general secretary of the bank.Board of directors influence the companys decision as they are the strategy formulators of the bank.The State Bank of Pakis tan (SBP) is the central bank and so has a powerful authority on all banks serving in Pakistan. SBP keeps a check on all the operations of NBP. Clearly SBP has a sturdy control on the strategy of National Bank of Pakistan.The employees of NBP also have a great impact on the strategy of the bank. They influence by the strength and effectiveness of the service they are providing. For example if they are motivated and running(a) hard it will help the bank achieving its vision in a sterling(prenominal) way. So employees at NBP affect the profitability of the banks.Competitive analysis of NBPThe companys free-enterprise(a) analysis begins by focusing the overall industry in which a firm competes before market segment or sector level issues are considered. For the competitive analysis of NBP I have chosen the famous porters five forces analysis.Porters FIVE FORCES MODECompetitive RivalryIt is very commanding force amongst the company and its competitors. A strategy followed by a compa ny is successful to an extent it gives to its competitive advantage to its opponents. The strategy could be providing best service, or reducing the bell against its competitors price as far as NBP is concerned it is charging very low fee on DDs, transfer by telegraphy, and by post transfer it is also giving many added facilities to the clients and to the country as it states it is a nations BankThreat from new entrantsWhen new businesses can simply come in the particular market the number of competitor increases and so is the competition. As far as banking is concerned this industry is previously very much located in Pakistan. There are many banks that provide high quality service at a very low fee. So at that place isnt any risk to National Bank of Pakistan from possible new entrance. NBP as well a community sector bank and there is no chance of being taken over by any new bank.Threat from substitutesThe substitute threat is the 3rd factor that can affect the competitions. It mea ns there could be near other services that can be an pick of the product/ service of the company. In banking sector for example they offer saving schemes, but the general post offices in Pakistan are also providing this service so there is an alternative of the service. The banks should beat their offer of saving in order to take control of the market.Another example could be the Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) which are a substitute of presenting cheques at the cash counters in banks. ATM saves the time but NBP is lacking in this ground. It should look up in this field to compete its rival.Bargaining Power of SuppliersThe strength of competition is affected by the bargaining influence of the suppliers particularly when you have a great number of contractors. If you are a bank your suppliers are your customers who supply you money. So as a bank you should offer them quality services, peace of mind, gain their trust at an affordable fee. B/C offer superior services to the customer s. B/C charges less on transfer of funds. As a result there is a competition between B/Cs and banks.Bargaining Power of ConsumersWhen clients are strong or in big numbers, or the cloud in huge quantity, their purchase influence signifies a key force change strength of opposition. Keeping that fact in mind we see that banks have a large number of customers in Pakistan and banks are offering different products to their customers. NBP as well have a big number of clients. So it should offer superior services and good products to its clients to draw their attention to NBP.LEARNING OUTCOME 3External environmentNow we will discuss the external factors affecting the strategic plan of NBP. I have utilise the most commonly used tool for this purpose that is the PEST analysis.PEST compendPEST analysis is a study of the huge outside environment of the company. It is helpful for realising the Political, efficient, Social Technological surroundings that accompany works in. This analysis ca n be used for measuring market development or slump, to check where you business lays in the market.(The business environment 6th edition 2009 IAN WORTHINGTON CHRIS BRITTON)THE PEST ANALYSIS OF NBPPolitical preserve of economic science striking and NCBsDenationalization strategy of the authorities and SBPs deregulatingWork patterns, Unions and affiliationsGovernmental obstructions and tormentCommotions of high tax on banking businessEconomicalRestraints in mobilisation of civic investments due to inflationStaff pays and other costsOperating expense is higher due to manual dealing salary increase of debtsSocial CulturalUnsatisfactory HREthnical strain to investmentsGoing down educational and employment moralsPoor liabilityDebtor antechamberSatisfactory empowermentTechnologicalPoor communication baseInadequate I.T servicesInsufficient I.T trainingLack of information technology toolsSWOT ANALYSISThe usage of SWOT analytic thinking lets businesses to make the most of their strengths , reduce their weak points, take benefits of their chances and conquer their disadvantages.It begins by defining the aims of the project or business actions and describes the inner and outer elements that are crucial to achieve those goals. Advantages and disadvantage are generally internal to the company, whereas opportunities and risks are typically external.(The SWOT Analysis Using Your specialism to Overcome Weaknesses, Using Opportunities to Overcome Threats)Author Lawrence G. FinePublisher Booksurge Llc, 2009SWOT ANALYSIS OF NBPSTRENGTHSOldest OrganizationNational bank of Pakistan on of the matured banks operating in Pakistan and so has large number of customers which is strength of it. People trust and believe in the bank. Being an old organisation its an additional value for the bank.Rotation of DutiesIf for some reasons state bank of Pakistan is not in operations NBP works as an alternative of SBP. Being a government bank and working as an alternative of SBP is strength of the bank.More Deposits than CompetitorsNBP has the proportional capability in holding additional deposits as compared to other banks. This is due to the trust that clients have in NBP.Employee BenefitsReasonable financial remuneration is given to the employees on both EID events in form of cash bonuses. This provides an extra help and proficiency for NBP a cause of inspiration for the workers.Wide cyberspaceOne more strength of NBP is its wide network all over the country. It has most number of branches than any other bank in most fecund cities. Due to large network of branches NBP provides best quality service to its customers at their nearest branch.Professional CompetenceThe bank has hired very professional graduates in different fields like banking, business administration, economics, finance etc these are highly skillful professional. Their professionalism enables the bank to realize and achieve the goals of the organisation in a superior way.Healthy EnvironmentThe working environment at NBP is extremely conductive and supporting for more sizeable output. The relaxing environment manipulates the performance of the workers in a supporting manner.WEAKNESSESLess Marketing EffortNBP do not support its industry stature its services in an aggressive manner. Therefore it lacks in merchandising efforts. Now a mean solar day every organisation is in need of aggressive marketing A need for aggressive marketing in there in the era marketing in now becoming a part of every organization.Political PressureThe strong political grip of some companies government and its authorities are impacting NBP negatively. The bank sometimes has to issue loan under agencies demands that leads to odd and accommodated feelings in its employees.DiscriminationThe seniors frequently influence in the advancement system of the bank by forcing their favoritism and their own willingness and decision. This behavior leads to denomination of the employees which leads to performance degr adation and lack of confidence in the employees.A Few monetary ProductIf we consider the innovation and announcements of new schemes NBP is far behind from its competitors. NBP did not involve itself in the competition of offering customers new products, ideas and services. It is a major impuissance of the bank.Bad Service at Busy TimeAnother impuissance of the bank is its poor management in serving the customers in busy hours. It is been often noticed that people are topping out of the doors and windows and they are not happy because they are not been serviced timely and efficiently.Lack of Network EquipmentsAnother weakness of the bank is the lack of computer networks that could have saved the time and energy of its employees. Moreover the I.T rung is not well trained they are old aged and dont have necessary know-how of computers. If proper tainting and network is provided bank can convert this weakness into its strength.Uneven WorkloadThe pressure of work at NBP is more on so me workers than others and it is unevenly distributed. Some employees escape from their job responsibilities while others bear work overload. This is not fair and leads to de-motivation among the employees who are working hard.OPPORTUNITIESE- BankingThe advancement in communication sector has made this world a global village. Now technology is very important for any business specially banking now a day depends on efficient an effective service which is impossible without technology. National bank of Pakistan can make use of technology to perform better and have a competitive edge over its competitors.Micro FinanceIn todays word there is a need of finance on micro level NBP can avail this opportunity as its competitors are already arrived in this field. NBP should realize this opportunity as soon as possible in order to provide current demands.THREATSNew CompetitorsThe mergers of new banks, especially foreign banks are a threat for NBP. These banks are well prepared with exceptional and innovative technology and doughy finance. They know how to promote their product and how to perform well. NBP should take steps to compete with these foreign banks to tackle this threat.Political PressureAs the government is not unchanging in Pakistan different political parties are coming in power. They are affecting the banks overall performance by putting pressure for issuance of unsporting loans. Politically dominant people are creating a sense of anxiety and discouragement in the customers and its employees.DownsizingThe current policy of the bank is to cut the staff which is a threat to its employees as they are feeling insecure about their jobs. This is affecting their overall performance negatively.Customers ComplaintsThe customers are everything for a business but there is no formal service to deal with customers complaints. This behaviour is annoying the customer and they are heading towards other foreign banks. This is a threat for the bank.Conclusions and Recommen dationsNational Bank of Pakistan is one of the oldest and largest banks in Pakistan. This bank is in partnership with Government of Pakistan and has largest assets than any other commercial bank. This bank has a unique part in the economical growth as it works as the agent of State Bank of Pakistan. Following are some recommendations for NBP.National Bank of Pakistan can increase its running(a) productivity by using latest computer technology.Employees Training programs are not sufficient. Extensive training will surely increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the employees.Privatization can have a positive impact on NBP overall performance.Modern techniques for cost cutting should be adopted by the bank.There is a strong need to change the outlook and interior lay out of the branches.

Concept Of Motivation

Concept Of MotivationThis essay discusses the concept of need and its implications for the organisations. The author defines the surmisal of motivation and then reviews some of the theories (i.e. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, foretaste guess, McGregors speculation X and Y, Hertzbergs Two-Factor Theory) that are significant to understand the human behaviour in the organisations. Further the essay provides arguments for the existing value of the concept of motivation for the managers and discusses the alternatives that are available for the managers to use the knowledge and develop strategies for increasing motivation at the exitplace. At the end of the essay the author mentions limitations that still exist. Introduction what is Motivation? The human being was elicit in building and studying the theories of motivation from the early 1950s, with the development of industrialisation and an appearance of mass manufacture. At the start, theories were aimed to increase the levels of production at the throng lines and the employees were egg ond by basic needs and did non possess each power. The processes were monotonous and a set of tangible factors drove the workers to perform. As the phone line purpose changed, new theories were built to support the concept of motivation. The studies of motivation mainly foc apply on what motivated pack and how the employees were motivated. This led to the division of the theories in 2 formats content and process theories. Before these theories will be discussed in this essay, the concept of motivation should be defined Motivation is a process in which a person is triggered to work for the makement of his own aims and goals. Persons determination to perform and his/her effort are designed to satisfy his/her needs, e.g. get tangible rewards (an extrinsic motivation), or alternatively, he/she is interested in the job itself and the tasks (an intrinsic motivation). Overview of theories of motivationThe motivation theorie s are significant in sociology as they give a rational explanation on flipper patterns of behaviour of people in the organisation, based on their needs, reinforcement, cognitions, job characteristics and feelings /emotions. (Kreitner Kinicki, 2001) To discuss the value of the motivation theories in understanding the behaviour of the employees at the workplace, some of them should be described further. Content theories The main theories that are studied and can be used in the working environment are Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (1943), McGregors Theory X and Y and Herzbergs Two Factor theory (1968). According to the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, individuals are driven by five needs, which serve as a innovation for their effort in work. Starting from the physiological needs, after the satisfaction takes place, the individuals move up the next levels of the hierarchy, which are safety, belongingness love, esteem and self -actualisation needs. Therefore this theory suggested that people are motivated by basic to complicated needs. The theory is still used today, though it does not cover either the aspects of the concept. (Maslow, 1970) Theory X and Y suggests that there are two patterns of behaviour in the organisation. Theory X says that the employees are not willing to work and do not show any interest in the job. They are forced and controlled by the management who may offer remuneration or alternatively leave without it. Therefore this acts as a motivator for work. Theory Y suggests that the employees can control themselves and can be driven by their own goals and are responsible for their work and efforts. (McGregor, 1987) Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory suggests that discordant factors exist that can motivate employees, however, there are other factors, named hygiene which may dissatisfy the employees and in that case must be altered. The motivating and hygiene factors have different meanings in the organisation, the absence of one of these factors can break the balance of being motivated and satisfied at the same meter. The motivating factors take on recognition, tasks and success, alternatively the hygiene factors are job conditions, remuneration and company policy. (Robbins, 2001) Process theoriesFrom the process theories, the focus of this essay will be on Expectancy Theory and Goal-Setting Theory. According to Robbins (2001), Vrooms Expectancy Theory, peoples motivation is activated yet if the energy spent on the work leads to a good performance and consequently,the performance leads to bonuses and rewards. Therefore, this theory aid to understand why some workers do not put much effort in their work, as they are de-motivated from the beginning, knowing that good performance is not likely to be achieved and/or rewarded. Accordingly, the performance rewards link has issues when the individuals do not see themselves capable of receiving rewards due to factors as incompetence or personal dealing with the management and co-workers . When eventidetually the rewards are received, they can appear unattractive to the individuals thus cause frustration at the workplace. Goal Setting Theory unquestionable by Locke (1968) suggests that the individuals are greater motivated when the goals are set by managers or by the individuals themselves when they are closely engaged in the processes at the workplace, rather than when the individuals do not see clearly what their efforts are directed at and what the management expects from them. Thus, the employees behaviour suggests that they like to be guided by the managers and they achieve greater results even if the work is complicated. Moreover, the theory suggests that a feedback should be provided for the work done, which makes the workers willing to do the job, as they appreciate being commented on their performance. (Robbins, 2001) Application of the theories to practice The existence of quadruplex motivation theories makes it difficult to find the ideal one that can be applied to the organisation. This is due to the limitations and irrelevance of some of them in the modern work environments. To descend the value of each of the theories, a contingency matrix is used by the managers as a guideline on which of the theories to apply at the workplace to enhance performance and provide job fulfillment. For example, the Expectancy theory applied in the organisation activates the employee for action, effort and can increase an employee turnover. One of the most applicable theories is Hackman and Oldhams (1980) theory that is a content theory, as it affects both effort and routine work, fulfillment, employee turnover and the reasons for frustration, as the theory is based on the job characteristics and encourages the managers to create interesting jobs at the workplace. (Kreitner Kinicki, 2001)Most of the motivation theories that are adapted in the organisations have to be altered to fit into the organizational context. They are used by managers for the assessment of motivation at the workplace and to find means of improving it by satisfying the needs of the employees or alternatively trigger them to work and perform. It is a process that changes with the time and new tendencies. Therefore it is essential to alter the job designs and introduce new benefits, e.g. flexible hours, possibility to work from home, regular skills assessments, informal communication, and to prevent a unrelenting top-down communication between the manager and the colleagues. Value for managersThe studying of the theories of motivation bring a great value for managers as was discussed above, as the concept is used on practice to analyse peoples behaviour, despite of existence of some pitfalls. The theories work on practice, when supported by contemporary theories, and they serve as a existence for building strategies to increase motivation at the workplace. The old theories are a base for new theories therefore their meaning is not lost. E.g. the cont emporary theory developed by Ritchie and Martin divide the employees in high-need and low-need level individuals and assess their desire to be motivated by both tangible and intangible rewards, an interest, achievement, recognition, self-development, variety change, creativity, social contacts, money, complex body part and others. This approach serves as a useful tool for the managers to assess performance in their organsiations nowadays. (Buchanan Huczynski, 2003) And moreover, improve the motivation by introducing the rewards and recognition schemes. The employees may be rewarded all individually or as a part of the group. Individual rewards are limited by the skills that he person possesses and can be increased only if a persons productivity increases. Kerrin Oliver, 2002, suggest that rewarding the group may have concerns with the theories of motivation but people engage in the processes, collaborate with their colleagues, set their goals in a competitive environment, have a potential for their creativity to be developed and all of this can serve as motivators and bring satisfaction from the job performed. The rewards should be then based on a both individual productivity and the performance of the group. Alternatively, managers are capable of designing the job for the employees and thus motivate them to work. According to theory of Hackman and Oldham (1980) described by Kreitner Kinicki, 2001, the job must offer an application of different skills, the tasks must be engaging and important in the process, a substantial level of autonomy should be allowed and the feedback available. This will lead to a greater willingness to accept responsibilities and give a satisfaction from the job and result in a high motivation. Managers have an opportunity to analyse their style of control and behaviour using McGregors Theory X and Theory Y approach and thus choose the way the work is facilitated at the workplace, either by strict control or collaboration and emp owerment.Gradual development of the motivation concepts led the managers from the strict rules of the assembly line to the empowerment and allowance of an autonomy and creativity at the workplace, thus enhancing the performance of the organisation as a whole. Limitations However, the following limitations exist that cannot be avoided in the studies of the motivation theories? The development of negative behaviour in the organisation hostility, obedience and lack of innovation when every single individual is trying to achieve his own goals collectively to the goals of the organisation. The competition leads to hostility, de-motivated people do not have any potential to progress if they are not satisfied. Punishments as motivation to work leads to obedience and stagnation in the organisation? It is a time-consuming process to understand what really motivates each individual at the workplace as the theories were initially developed for the assembly lines when motivation factors did not vary. The theories have to be altered and further developed to be applied in the organisations? Motivation theories seem inapplicable as sometimes it is obvious that nowadays people are driven by tangible rewards, i.e. they are in a pursuit of wealth which makes all the theories irrelevant

Strategic Recommendations for Red Bull

Strategic Recommendations for exit hairKeeping the red-faced Bull Flying-Strategic Recommendations to Buildthe Brand and Drive tax income GrowthSince its launch in 1995 in Austria, rubicund Bull has, in essence, created the hip and fashionable home of functional energy drinks. Its marketing program has been the range of buzz marketing in which pull strategies are utilized to expand product distribution methodically on a global scale. The promotion of Red Bull has been pure and focused on the elements of the product the distinctive silver and blue 250mL can buoy, the remarkable marketplace offering, the unique logo and underlying mantra Energy make happy followed by a campaign of selective introduction to the particularly cool consumers via sampling and endorsement by personalities synonymous with the brand personality of the product.Judging by results alone, the remarkably consistent (albeit with the notable inconsistency of the United Kingdom product introduction) marketin g plan has been a tremendous success as evidenced by the entrance of so many me-too products. patronage the entry of the big dogs (i.e., Coca-Cola, Pepsi, et al), Red Bull had managed to achieve sales of near $1billion by the end of 2001. The success of the bran is to a fault evident by the exorbitant price premium that consumer are willing to pay ($1.99 $3.00) for just 8.3 fluid ounces of product that was until recently, only available in a single serving (initial offering of 4- packs retained the pricing per ounce of the single serving size).The targeted audience for this product is, anyone who is fatigued mentally or physically. Despite this shotgun approach, penetration is far deeper in younger demographics, especially the 14-19 groups (65% in Austria, 28% in the UK). A large part of the products continuing success is the homogeneous consistency of the brand image as it is positioned in each market. Competing on the basis of a premium product consumable by anyone with the univ ersal read to reduce fatigue, the product has taken first-mover advantage and remained on top by the maintenance of a premium product that fulfills a commoditized-niche need of the consumer.In equipment casualty of the Red Bulls competitive position, the emergence of the category and the success of Red Bull has created a highly competitive field of me-too and novel products. Despite this competition, Red Bull remains a large but niche product that has become a powerful original brand. Threats to their market position complicate the wake of new and real products from companies with deep pockets, extensive distribution networks and substantial marketing prowess some of the 75% (in the UK) market share will be lost (Choeke 2005, p.3 Clark 2005 Euromonitor 2005, p. 3). The opportunities that Red Bull has are a direct result of their weaknesses a single product made in a single location. This is the simulacrum of the clich that warns against putting all ones eggs into a single bask et. As a consequence, Red Bull places a strong emphasis on conservative inventory strategies by having 45 60 days of products at distribution centers (in the US) ( youthful Materials Handling 2005), p. 11). While the emphasis on being at the ledge is admirable, this represents a significant (up to almost 17%) of ones annual volume sitting around 17% of ones annual revenue tied up in accounts receivables.To continue to build upon this success, it is recommended that Red Bull consider a two-fold strategy. First, in that location is considerable equity in the brand and the beverage that can be leveraged significantly in a brand credit of a product much(prenominal) as an energy bar. The key risk of this strategy is that the pure, singular product offering of today will be diluted. Despite this risk, the extension of what Red Bull actually represents does not necessarily dilute but can likely reinforce the idea that the brand of Red Bull represents, what you consume not just drink w hen you are fatigued versus the more restricted drink cateogory. By redefining the frame-of-reference, the category can be effectively extended and a like-brand product such as Red Bull Solid Fuel can effectively reserve money left on the table while presenting minimal risks for damaging the current substantial brand equity of the beverage product alone. This brand extension is compatible with the spirit of the current product, a key factor in the likelihood of consumers accepting and even embracing an extra product (Yeung Wyer 2005, p. 495).An alternative to SolidFuel is an additional beverage such as a sports drink. While this is a legitimate possibility, the risk of brand dilution is with child(p)er as both products are beverages though mean for different consumers. SolidFuel is a different but related category that seeks to gain a larger share of wallet though not necessarily expanding the existing customer base. This product will complement rather than potentially compete with the original Red Bull product and utilize the paradigm of a branded house rather than a house of potentially competing brands (Aaker Joachimsthaler 2000, p. 9),In addition to efforts to grow revenues through brand extensions, an additional recommendation alluded to earlier, it that Red Bull should expand action from solely Austrailia to a site in Europe and North America. By having a single facility to product product for a globe, unnecessary be are being built into the supply chain. In addition to being forced to produce, manage, move and store massive quantities of material, there is the presence of a great deal of risk if something should happen. With but a few additional sites, risk can be virtually eliminated and distribution and holding costs significantly reduced.To speak the concern of the fact that Red Bull is perceived to be a niche product, it is recommended that a action be taken to build brand consciousness and specifically to penetrate both deeper and in addi tional demographic segments, it is recommended that Red Bull develop mass media advertisements such as television spots. These clips should gasconade a key fatigue driver. By this, it is meant that activities besides extreme physical exertion should be utilized such asA long road-trip This should feature a middle-aged, yet well-groomed commercial truck driver that focuses on a route map. This map should prominently feature a long line which traverses some(prenominal) states. Further, this individual should eschew coffee, instead, he should be shown enthusiastically consuming a Red Bull .A series of relentless showdowns This clip should show a clock indicating an early hour and a business meeting in progress that, according to the clock, keeps going. Similar to the higher up example, the shot should demonstrate that Red Bull is an attractive alternive or substitute for coffee and could similarly play upon the feature s of consistent quality of Red Bull (versus the variance of a monuments coffee making skill).A grueling school assignment The obvious shot would include a study group at a late hour just beginning to study for a major test of solve a lengthy problem. Of course, Red Bull is there.Each of the above scenarios are representative of mental or physical fatigue and the break-through that can be attained by the key benefits and attribute of the Red Bull product. These also particularly lend themselves both to brand extension and extensions of the current most likely to use demographic segment.In summary, Red Bull has seen seemingly unwearying success of a single product. By taking steps to simultaneously launch SolidFuel, the result will be the success that is achieved simply by meeting the already expressed needs and desires of the marketing with a product that is positioned to leverage the current awareness, recognition, and image of the current product. As this strategy entails the creation of a category-extension, there is minimal risk of the dilution of the powerful core brand value and the image that is currently held. Further, to maintain and even build the markets for these products, Red Bull should move remote from the successful cartoon-type advertisements and focus on the next thing for a fickle consumer mass. This advertising should be of an experiential nature that focuses on situation in which Red Bull products can be utilized for a key benefit while each advertisement closes with a central brand reinforcing image such as the Red Bull logo.Works ConsultedAaker, D., and Joachimsthaler, E. (2000, Summer). The Brand Relationship Spectrum The Key to the Brand Architecture Challenge. California Management Review, (42)4, pp. 8-23.Choeke, M. (2005, October 11). Coke Eyes Red Bull with Launch of Still Energy Drink. Marketing Week. October 11, 2005 edition.Clark, N. (2005, December). Coca-Cola adds Taurine to Product. Marketing, December 14, 2005 edition.Euromonitor. (2005, December). UK Market for Functional Drinks. Euromonitor Market Research Monitor. Accessed online March 9, 2006.Modern Materials Handling. (2005, December). How Red Bull Puts a Charge in Its Supply Chain. Modern Materials Handling, p. 11.Yeung, C., and Wyers, R. (2005, November). Does Loving a Product Mean Loving Its Products? The federal agency of Brand-Elicited Affect in Brand Extension Evaluations. Journal of Marketing Research (42), pp. 495-506.

Beyond the Meat :: Writing Education Writer Essays

Beyond the MeatOk then, so far you sire been told that the news report paper is the meat of the main course for the meal of college writing, and in order to excel in the process of education you must master the boundaries of the cinque paragraph dilemma. You must know how to use the knife and fork of discovery. To know the boundaries is to know style. You have learned the technique of writing (or eating a theme paper). Congratulations to yourself You are wellspring on your way to enlightenment or in the very least employmentOk then, so you are well acquainted with the boundaries of the theme and have even picked up a few interesting techniques along the way. Now you must cross over the borders... invade the unexplored country of whatever monster (forms) lie beyond. It is easy to cross the borders, just take a step and your over and then... what? You definitely do not require to look out of the window and describe what you see, that would be too much like that masterpiece of ambi guity Untitled. You have nowhere to turn to so you ask your sleeping cats if they have any clue as to what lies beyond the theme (just in case there is some modicum of truth between the falsehood and the reality).Dada-dee, Dada-dum... Ok, so you decide that writing is about boundaries, about how a form is contained, and in themes boundaries help you to express ideas -- Right? Maybe to express ideas about what lies beyond the theme you have to cross more boundaries. Cool, you decide that you will not use pronouns or better yet, you will interchange pronouns -- I, You, He, she, It, We, They (and sometimes Y and and W) -- just randomly substitute one word for another. Meaning looses all sense of subject importance. How much MEANING do you really want to beget or understand? INSERT METAPHOR HEREOk then , so you think MEANING, Dada-dee, Dada-dum. Clarity is in the eyes of the beholders and you feel beholden to whomever said that. oral communication come floating into your room, they c ircumnavigate the breath of your understanding and settle next to your sleeping cats... Phonemes, paroles, logocentrism, signs and signifiers... RATS Words have a connoted meaning to the reader. A random locating of the articles of language will move you outside of the borders but into an Eitherland of gibberish.

Claude and the Classical Dream :: essays papers

Claude and the Classical Dream In Kathleen Nicholsons book, Turners Classical Landscapes, is an interpretation of Turners concepts and strength of landscape painting in contrast to Claude. In p cunningicular, chapter six, Nicholson discusses Turners artistic career and how it models Claudean classical landscape. Nicholson conveys her opinion on how Turner re-created Claudes a realm to put forward a balance between homage and revision, between landscape as a tradition and landscape as a modern form of expression. Kathleen Nicholson, in this chapter, takes the reader through many aspects of Turners re-creation of Claudes classical landscape into his own modern form.Turner understood Claudes qualities as an artist. He clearly knew the extent to which Claudes art came from, with extensive study of nature, part by part, and a realization that informed his own process of idealization. Nicholson states, Allow he showed proper respect to Poussin, his heart went egress to Clau de (222) because Turner saw Claudes turn over as the realm of the classical landscape. Many other artists, such as Constable, looked at Claudes works for inspiration in aspects ranging from the invention of rivers to the finish. Other artists continuously copied Claudes landscape paintings as a basis for representation of their own landscape.Turner instilled Claudes work into two compositional formats, a seaport and an upcountry setting, which he would personalize and update while at the same time leaving no doubt about their source. However, at the beginning of Turners career, he believed that Claudes work was beyond the power of imitation. At first, he followed Poussins order and rationality in his 1800 and 1802 Plague pictures. Poussin may have seemed more comprehensible to Turner before organism exposed to more of Claudes paintings. After a visit to the Lourve, Turners paintings appeared more and more like Claudes, especially in the Thames River paintings, where Turner used an air of eternal violator to counterbalance the changeable effects of English weather.Nicholson finds Turners sketchbook as the example of how Turners idealization derives from the kind of exchange between the natural and the imaginary. She states,His projection of a harmoniously arranged natural environment never subjects to the ravages of time imparted an elegance and breadth to his observation of the real world (223). Nicholson finds his sketchbook to be a journey that embarks through imagination and the sensual. The first pages of the book depict a little ship ready for departure.